Live attenuated Salmonella strains have been extensively explored as oral delivery systems for recombinant vaccine antigens and effector proteins with immunoadjuvant and immunomodulatory potential. The feasibility of this approach was demonstrated in human vaccination trials for various antigens. However, immunization efficiencies with live vaccines are generally significantly lower compared to...

The relationship between Toxocara infection and epilepsy was previously demonstrated by several case-control studies and case reports. These previous studies were often based on the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using Toxocara excretory-secretory antigens, which are not specific due to cross-reactivity with other parasitic infections such as ascariasis, trichuriasis, and anisakiasis...

Immunoglobulin A is an important mucosal antibody that can neutralize mucosal pathogens by either preventing attachment to epithelia (immune exclusion) or alternatively inhibit intra-epithelial replication following transcytosis by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR). Chlamydia trachomatis is a major human pathogen that initially targets the endocervical or urethral epithelium in women...

Brugia malayi microfilarial excretory-secretory (mf ES) and phosphate buffer saline soluble (mf S) antigens were fractionated by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) on superdex 200 HR 10/30 gel filtration column. The active antigen fractions were identified and explored in comparison with whole mf ES and mf S antigens to detect filarial IgG antibodies in different groups viz microfilaraem...

The distribution patterns of epithelial blood group AB antigens (BG) in colon polyps of varying degrees of differentiation were studied by the mixed cell agglutination reaction. BG appeared in colon polyps if a certain degree of dedifferentiation was present. Two different distribution patterns were recognized: 1) association of BG with the secretory part of goblet cells with slight-to-moderate...

Excretory/secretory antigens (ESAs) produced by Toxoplasma gondii enable this parasite to invade and survive within the host cells through immunomodulation. In this study, the modulating effects of T. gondii excretory/secretory antigens (TgESAs) on the Ana-1 murine macrophage cell line were evaluated. Ana-1 cells were incubated with several concentrations of TgESAs, and the resulting effects on...

Fasciolosis is a disease caused by liver fluck of the genus of Fasciola. Diagnosis of fasciolosis has been challenging for a long period due to low sensitivity of the coprological diagnostic method. In this study, an in-house Dot-ELISA method; using excretion-secretory (ES Ag) and Crude (Cr Ag) antigens of Fasciola was described for diagnosis of fasciolosis in cattle. For this purpose, the sera...

Induced oral tolerance to mucosal-exposed antigens in immunized animals is of particular interest for the development of immunotherapeutic approaches to human allergic diseases. This is a unique feature of mucosal surfaces which represent the main contact interface with the external environment. However, the influence of oral tolerance on specific and natural polyreactive IgA antibodies, the ma...