BACKGROUND The aim of this paper is to discuss the controversial origins of petals from tepals or stamens and the links between the morphological expression of petals and floral organ identity genes in the core eudicots. SCOPE I challenge the widely held classical view that petals are morphologically derived from stamens in the core eudicots, and sepals from tepals or bracts. Morphological da...

The effect of geometry on cell stiffness measured with micro-indentation techniques has been explored in single cells, however it is unclear if results on single cells can be readily transferred to indentation experiments performed on a tissue in vivo. Here we explored this question by using simulation models of osmotic treatments and micro-indentation experiments on 3D multicellular tissues wi...

Hydrangea macrophylla is popular for its unique physiological characteristics and changeable colors. Previous studies have shown that the pH of vacuoles sepal cells hydrangea affects color sepals. Located on vacuolar membrane, NHX1 an important H+ proton pump drives exchange metal ions. This environment by controlling accumulation in vacuole. In hydrangea, HmNHX1 gene has open reading frame 162...

The accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins (PR) in tobacco leaves has been casually related to pathogen and specific physiological stresses. The known enzymatic function of some of these proteins is potentially antimicrobial. By using antibodies specific to three classes of pathogenesis-related proteins, we examined tobacco plants during their normal growth. The pathogenesis-related prot...

The use of fuzzy logic to describe abstract concepts and when designing decision making systems to make decisions that are much closer to the way a human does is an interesting and useful area to explore. To effectively implement these types of systems expert knowledge is required in the application area. This can be a problem if the people designing a system of this nature are not experts in t...

introduction: nitrogen is an essential element forplants and in combination withelements such as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and sulfur results ineven more valuable materials such as amino acids, nucleic acids, alkaloids. hibiscus tea (hibiscus sabdariffa ) from malvaceaefamily is known by different names in different parts of the world. in iran it is calledthe maki tea, tea meccaorred tea.as an i...