BACKGROUND Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at high risk for HIV acquisition and transmission. There is a high HIV-transmission potential associated with unprotected anal intercourse (UAI), which requires sexual lubrication for comfortable, non-traumatic anal sex. Lubricant distribution remains poor in many developing nations and MSM have been known to substitute a number of common household...

BACKGROUND Intravenous conivaptan is a novel therapeutic agent indicated for the treatment of euvolaemic and hypervolaemic hyponatraemia. However, there is paucity of reported clinical experience using conivaptan for the treatment of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Moreover, while there is reasonable concern for overcorrection, no pre-treatment variables...

Disturbances in tonicity (effective osmolarity) are the major clinical disorders affecting cell volume. Cell shrinking secondary to hypertonicity causes severe clinical manifestations and even death. Quantitative management of hypertonic disorders is based on formulas computing the volume of hypotonic fluids required to correct a given level of hypertonicity. These formulas have limitations. Th...

D the wide variation in the daily intake of sodium and water, plasma osmolality and sodium are maintained within normal range by vasopressin [arginine vasopressin (AVP) or antidiuretic hormone (ADH)] secretion and thirst. The osmotic threshold for AVP secretion is 283 mOsm/kg and for thirst sense is 293 mOsm/kg. Hence, by the time plasma osmolality reaches the osmotic threshold for thirst, AVP ...

We conducted a retrospective study of serum biochemistry and hematologic findings from displaced, out-of-habitat bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) exposed to various low salinity environments in waters along the southern United States including southeastern Atlantic and northern Gulf of Mexico. Serum sodium, chloride, and calculated osmolality were significantly lower and below reference...

BACKGROUND 2.7% sorbitol-0.54% mannitol has been selected as an alternative irrigating fluid during endoscopic surgery for its theoretical advantages. We compared the influence of 2.7% sorbitol-0.54% mannitol (Urosol™, CJ Pharma, Seoul, Korea) and 5% glucose as an irrigating solution for hysteroscopic myomectomy & polypectomy in the occurrence of associated complications. METHODS Thirty patie...

This study was conducted to characterize the diuretic effect of OPC-41061, a nonpeptide vasopressin V(2)-receptor antagonist, and furosemide by administering each alone and in combination in conscious male rats. OPC-41061 at 1 and 10 mg/kg and furosemide at 10 and 100 mg/kg dose-dependently increased urine volume to the same extent. The high dose of OPC-41061 (10 mg/kg) markedly elevated electr...

24 year old woman presented with a three week history of weight loss, thirst, polyuria, sweating, and nausea. For three days before admission she had abdominal pains and vomiting after meals. Past medical history included acromegaly treated by trans-sphenoidal resection of a pituitary macroadenoma at the age of 19 years. Postoperatively, she did not have diabetes insipidus; however, she develop...

BACKGROUND Water-loss dehydration (hypertonic, hyperosmotic, or intracellular dehydration) is due to insufficient fluid intake and is distinct from hypovolemia due to excess fluid losses. Water-loss dehydration is associated with poor health outcomes such as disability and mortality in older people. Urine specific gravity (USG), urine color, and urine osmolality have been widely advocated for s...

UNLABELLED Gestational diabetes insipidus (DI) is a rare complication of pregnancy, usually developing in the third trimester and remitting spontaneously 4-6 weeks post-partum. It is mainly caused by excessive vasopressinase activity, an enzyme expressed by placental trophoblasts which metabolises arginine vasopressin (AVP). Its diagnosis is challenging, and the treatment requires desmopressin....