Industrial penicillin production levels by the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum increased dramatically by classical strain improvement. High-yielding strains contain multiple copies of the penicillin biosynthetic gene cluster that encodes three key enzymes of the β-lactam biosynthetic pathway. We have analyzed the gene cluster dose effect on penicillin production using the high-yieldi...

Recent studies have proved that the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea with oral ampicillin, administered either in a single dose of 2 g. plus 1 g. probenecid or 2 g. divided into two doses at an interval of 5 hrs, is an effective alternative to the conventional treatment with a single intramuscular injection of 2-2 m.u. penicillin G (Eriksson, 1970a,b, 1971a). To find out if there is any co...

Bronchial mucosal biopsies were obtained during fibreoptic bronchoscopy in 12 patients receiving a new semisynthetic penicillin, piperacillin. The piperacillin levels estimated in bronchial mucosa exceeded those required to eradicate organisms associated with acute bronchitis, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and compared favourably with those required for activity against a...

The susceptibility of E. coli and Salmonella to penicillin is highest in a basal medium devoid of amino acids. Blood serum in certain concentrations, meat infusion broth, yeast extract, and casein hydrolysate interfere with the penicillin activity. The effect is apparently due to the antagonism of certain amino acids in the materials. Dicarboxyl-monoamino acids (i.e. aspartic, glutamic, and hyd...

Search for anti-ß-lactamase and synthesis of newer penicillin were suggested to overcome resistance to penicillin in chemotherapy. It was found that clavulanic acid, an ant-ß-lactamase was ineffective due to its structural modification by bacteria. Thus, there is a need for the synthesis of newer pencillins. Retro-synthesis was inspired by the success of forward reaction i.e.conversion of penic...

conclusions graft failure is more likely to occur in patients with higher serum creatinine levels. results there was a positive association between the serum creatinine level and graft failure (hr = 5.13, p < 0.001). a one unit increase in the serum creatinine level suggests an increased risk of graft failure of up to 5.13 times. the serum creatinine level significantly decreased over time (95%...

WHILE it is of obvious importance to determine the antibacterial activity of a penicillin in the blood it is perhaps of greater importance to know what concentrations are present in the extravascular fluids. In view of the current interest in protein binding and its influence on activity it is also of importance to determine in what way binding influences distribution throughout the body. Usual...

Oral penicillin has a number of disadvantages in the treatment of gonorrhoea; absorption is uncertain and there is no guarantee that the patient will take the tablets in the prescribed amounts or at the proper times. If apparent cure results quickly there is also the danger that some of the tablets may be retained with a subsequent temptation towards self-medication with subcurative doses on a ...

A gas pressure of 68 atm, elicited by helium-oxygen gas mixtures, reduced the susceptibility to penicillin of Staphylococcus aureus but not of Streptococcus pyogenes. The elevated pressure also caused a reduction in the binding of (14)C-penicillin to S. aureus, but not to S. pyogenes. When these studies were extended to glycine incorporation, it was shown that, even without penicillin, pressuri...

The molecular epidemiology of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains causing meningitis in children was studied in France. Typing procedures included analysis of total DNA polymorphism by random amplification of polymorphic DNA, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the ribosomal RNA gene regions, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Penicillin-binding prot...