We describe a simple, cost-efficient, double-selective method for isolation of wild-type poliovirus from sewage samples containing vaccine polioviruses and other enteroviruses, with a detection limit of 18 to 50 PFU per 1 to 2 liters of sewage. By this method we were able to process 1,700 sewage samples collected between 1991 and 1996, from which 10,472 plaques were isolated, 41 of them being i...

MED Sewage treatment plants in cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants & appropriate out falls and/or treatment plants for cities with more than 10,000 inhabitants BSEP Comprehensive national studies on the discharges of insufficiently treated sewage will be prepared by each Black Sea state by January 2000. They serve as a basis for taking decisions and implementing significant reductions of ...

In this paper, an overview on sewage sludge characteristics and recovery routes is presented. Starting from an analysis of typical sewage sludge characteristics as found in literature, the most promising disposal options are presented. A focus on incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) follows. Most of the authors agree on considering pyrolysis and gasification as the most viable treatments for sl...

Estimates of NH4+-and NO2-oxidizers in samples from four activated sludge plants treating mainly domestic sewage were obtained using a most-probable-number (MPN) technique. Ranges of concentrations per milliliter of each, respectively, were 1,010 to 3,880 and 79 to 145 in settled sewages, 32 to 7,420 and 2 to 1,010 in secondary effluents, and less than 0.1 to 622 and 0.1 to 70 in chlorinated se...

When people interact in familiar settings, social conventions usually develop so that people tend to disregard alternatives outside the convention. For rational players to usually restrict attention to a block of conventional strategies, no player should prefer to deviate from the block when others are likely to act conventionally and rationally inside the block. We explore two set-valued conce...

Although biological treatment of sewage by activated sludge or trickling filters is widely practiced, these processes still give rise to difficulties. The difficulties may be due to sludge bulking during the activated sludge process or to clogging during the operation of trickling filters. In his studies of biofilters and standard filters, H. Heukelekian (Sewage Works J. 17:23, 516, and 743, 19...

Effect of sewage sludge in vitro to suppress Phytophthora nicotianae Soil organic matter amendments may provide an alternative management practice for soil diseases caused by Phytophthora spp. In this paper we have evaluated the effectiveness of residential sewage sludge to suppress P. nicotianae under laboratory conditions. The effect of sewage sludge on P. nicotianae survival was evaluated by...