BACKGROUND Chimeric virus like particles (CVLPs) constructed by fusing human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E7 sequences into the C-terminus of the viral L1 gene constitute the first generation of preventive and therapeutic HPV vaccines. Even though vaccination with DNA is highly efficient in the induction of a cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response utilization of a DNA vaccine in the HPV context, it ...

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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most economically important swine pathogens, which causes reproductive failure in sows and respiratory disease in piglets. A major hurdle to control PRRSV is the ineffectiveness of the current vaccines to confer protection against heterologous strains. Since both GP4 and M genes of PRRSV induce neutralizing antibodies, in...

Images are widely used in diverse areas such as medical, military, science, engineering, art, advertising, entertainment, education as well as training, increasing the use of digital techniques for transmitting and storing images. So maintaining the confidentiality and integrity of images has become a major concern. This makes encryption necessary. The pixel values of neighbouring pixels in a p...

Abstract Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) are proficient in solving the controlled, nonlinear multimodal, non-convex problems that limit use of deterministic approaches. The competencies EA have been applied various environmental and water resources problems. In this study, storm management model (SWMM) was set up to authenticate capability for simulating catchment response upper Damodar River bas...

This letter discusses the problem of testing the degree of randomness within an image, particularly for a shuffled or encrypted image. Its key contributions are: 1) a mathematical model of perfectly shuffled images; 2) the derivation of the theoretical distribution of pixel differences; 3) a new Z-test based approach to differentiate whether or not a test image is perfectly shuffled; and 4) a r...

We propose an approach for autonomous task partitioning in swarms of foraging robots. Task partitioning is the process of decomposing tasks into sub-tasks. Task partitioning impacts tasks execution and associated costs. Our approach is characterized by the use of a cost function, mapping the size of sub-tasks to the overall task cost. The robots model the cost function and use the model to sele...

Abstract: The task of the creatures in the “creatures’ exploration problem” is to visit all empty cells in an environment with a minimum number of steps. We have analyzed this multi agent problem with time-shuffled algorithms (behaviors) in the cellular automata model. Ten different “uniform” (non-time-shuffled) algorithms with good performance from former investigations were used alternating i...

This paper proposes a new watermarking algorithm based on the shuffled singular value decomposition and the visual cryptography for copyright protection of digital images. It generates the ownership and identification shares of the image based on visual cryptography. It decomposes the image into low and high frequency sub-bands. The low frequency sub-band is further divided into blocks of same ...