The fluctuations in the emission of redshifted 21cm photons from neutral intergalactic hydrogen will provide an unprecedented probe of the reionization era. Conventional wisdom assumes that this 21cm signal disappears as soon as reionization is complete, when little atomic hydrogen is left through most of the volume of the inter-galactic medium (IGM). However observations of damped Lyα absorber...

Long-range temporal and spatial correlations have been reported in a remarkable number of studies. In particular power-law scaling in neural activity raised considerable interest. We here provide a straightforward algorithm not only to quantify power-law scaling but to test it against alternatives using (Bayesian) model comparison. Our algorithm builds on the well-established detrended fluctuat...

Humans use three cone photoreceptor classes for colour vision, yet many birds, reptiles and shallow-water fish are tetrachromatic and use four cone classes. Screening pigments, which narrow the spectrum of photoreceptors in birds and diurnal reptiles, render visual systems with four cone classes more efficient. To date, however, the question of tetrachromacy in shallow-water fish that, like hum...

In atmospheric Čerenkov technique γ−rays are detected against abundant background produced by hadronic showers. In order to improve signal to noise ratio of the experiment, it is necessary to reject a significant fraction of hadronic showers. The temporal and spectral differences, the lateral distributions and density fluctuations of Čerenkov photons generated by γ−ray and hadron primaries are ...

Blood oxygen-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI) has rapidly become a popular technique for the investigation of brain function in healthy individuals, patients as well as in animal studies. However, the BOLD signal arises from a complex mixture of neuronal, metabolic and vascular processes, being therefore an indirect measure of neuronal activity, which is further...

Indoor localization in wireless sensor networks (WSN) is a challenging process. This paper proposes a new approach to solve the localization problematic. A fuzzy linguistic localization scheme is proposed. Based on interval type 2 fuzzy logic (IT2FL), a signal processing of the radio signal strength indicator (RSSI) minimizes the uncertainty in RSSI measurements from anchors caused by the indoo...

Most routing protocols designed for wireless sensor networks used the unit disk graph model (UGD) to represent the physical layer. This model does not take into account fluctuations of the radio signal. Therefore, these protocols must be improved to be adapted to a non-ideal environment. In this paper, we used the lognormal shadowing (LNS) model to represent a non-ideal environment. In this mod...

2014 Dynamic light scattering as a probe of fluctuations for systems undergoing steady linear shear is examined. Several approximations are made to calculate the intensity correlation function for a dense system of independent particles or fluctuations at low rates of shear. In this limit the intensity correlation function is similar in structure to the equilibrium intensity correlation functio...

To what extent does the visual system's activity fluctuate when no sensory stimulation is present? Here, we studied this issue by examining spontaneous fluctuations in BOLD signal in the human visual system, while subjects were placed in complete darkness. Our results reveal widespread slow fluctuations during such rest periods. In contrast to stimulus-driven activity, during darkness, function...

Gravitational fluctuations along the line-of-sight from the surface of last scatter to the observer distort the microwave background in several related ways: The fluctuations deflect the photon path (gravitational lensing), the decay of the gravitational potential produces additional fluctuations (ISW effect) and scattering off of hot gas in clusters produce additional fluctuations (Sunyaev-Zel...