G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling covers three major mechanisms. GPCR agonist engagement allows for the G proteins to bind to the receptor leading to a classical downstream signalling cascade. The second mechanism is via the utilization of the β-arrestin signalling molecule and thirdly via transactivation dependent signalling. GPCRs can transactivate protein tyrosine kinase receptors...

This document defines a protocol for the transport of any Signalling Connection Control Part-User signalling over IP using the Stream Control Transmission Protocol. The protocol is designed to be modular and symmetric, to allow it to work in diverse architectures, such as a Signalling Gateway to IP Signalling Endpoint architecture as well as a peer-to-peer IP Signalling Endpoint architecture. L...

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine that employs IL-6 classic and trans-signalling pathways, and these two signal channels execute different or even opposite effects in certain diseases. As a cardinal event of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), whether the podocyte abnormalities are associated with IL-6 signalling, especially classic or trans-signalling respectively, remains unclear....

This document defines a protocol for the transport of any Signalling Connection Control Part-User signalling over IP using the Stream Control Transmission Protocol. The protocol is designed to be modular and symmetric, to allow it to work in diverse architectures, such as a Signalling Gateway to IP Signalling Endpoint architecture as well as a peer-to-peer IP Signalling Endpoint architecture. L...

The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a new general purpose transport protocol defined by the IETF. Originally intended for the transport of voice signaling data (SS7) over IP networks, SCTP together with newly defined extensions is increasingly considered for other application scenarios as well. These require strong security solutions to authenticate the communication partners and...

this paper outlines the infrastructure required for a penetration testing suite centered around the cellular call control protocol called Diameter. A brief description of Diameter is given along with the basic equipment and design requirements to conduct the testing. Diameter, Wireless Security, Penetration Testing, SIP, SS7

Traditional mobile Unified Communications (UC) clients use data channel over GSM/UMTS network for communication with UC services broker and providers. UC signaling traffic characteristics require a large number of the short data connection sessions and can cause overload of the mobile network. The reason is a ratio of the overhead data to the useful signaling information. This paper presents an...

This paper discusses how a switch-independent, network-wide monitoring system for 55? [1] networks can provide a powerful solution to managing the complex requirements of modem digital telecommunications networks. The proposed approach to 55? traffic monitoring allows the provision of a homogeneous view across networks independently of multi-vendor switch hardware and software, thus overcoming ...