Spectroscopic interrogation of materials in the midinfrared with nanometer spatial resolution is inherently difficult due to long wavelengths involved, reduced detector efficiencies, and limited availability spectrally bright, coherent light sources. Technological advances are driving techniques that overcome these challenges, enabling material characterization this relatively unexplored spectr...

In most situations the best estimator of a function of the parameter exists, but sometimes it has a complex form and we cannot compute its variance explicitly. Therefore, a lower bound for the variance of an estimator is one of the fundamentals in the estimation theory, because it gives us an idea about the accuracy of an estimator. It is well-known in statistical inference that the Cram&eac...

Study Design Review. Objective To describe a decision framework that incorporates key factors to be considered for optimal treatment of spinal metastasis and highlight how this system incorporates the Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score (SINS). Methods We describe how treatment options for spinal metastasis have broadened in recent years with advancements in stereotactic radiosurgery, vertebral...