The study of aversive Pavlovian conditioning in children can contribute to our understanding of how fears are acquired and extinguished during development. However, methodological issues hamper further research because of ethical and procedural concerns regarding the use of traditional aversive unconditional stimuli (USs) and no established method to measure trial-by-trial changes in the child'...

PURPOSE To identify Mycobacterium leprae in ocular conjunctivae and evaluate conjunctival bacilloscopy as leprosy diagnosis and follow-up test. METHODS We used the superior tarsal conjunctiva scraping technique in 52 newly diagnosed leprosy patients between July and September 2004 at the "Oculistas Associados de Brasília", in Brasília, DF, Brazil, and compared the conjunctival bacilloscopy wi...

Resumen. En este artículo se revisan distintas metodologías utilizadas para realizar un análisis político utilizando diversas fuentes de información disponibles en internet. En algunas sociedades, el uso de redes sociales tiene un impacto significativo en el ámbito político con la sociedad y se han empleado diversas metodologías para analizar diversos aspectos políticos y las estrategias a segu...

What makes scraping methodologically interesting for social and cultural research? This paper seeks to contribute to debates about digital social research by exploring how a ‘medium-specific’ technique for online data capture may be rendered analytically productive for social research. As a device that is currently being imported into social research, scraping has the capacity to re-structure s...

Background: The Masquelet induced membrane technique is a commonly used method for treating segmental bone defects. However, there are no established clinical standards for management of the spacer-induced membrane (IM) prior to grafting. Questions/purposes: Two clinically-based hypotheses were tested in the Caprine Chronic Tibial Defect model: 1) A textured spacer will increase IM surface area...

For solar keratoses and superficial basal cell carcinoma, loose crusts and debris are removed with a small curette or blade, and the lesion surface is roughened by gentle scraping. Damage to the surrounding normal skin should be avoided. For nodular BCC, the epidermal keratin layer (which can impede absorption) is removed with a scalpel blade or curette, and the exposed tumour material gently r...

Bacterial surface colonizers are subject to a variety of physical stresses. During the colonization of human epithelia such as on the skin or the intestinal mucosa, bacteria mainly have to withstand the mechanical stress of being removed by fluid flow, scraping, or epithelial turnover. To that end, they express a series of molecules to establish firm attachment to the epithelial surface, such a...

Mammalian cells require extracellular calcium ion to undergo rapid plasma membrane repair seconds after mechanical damage. Utilizing transformed fibroblasts from calpain small subunit knock-out (Capns1-/-) mouse embryos, we now show that the heterodimeric, typical subclass of calpains is required for calcium-mediated survival after plasma membrane damage caused by scraping a cell monolayer. Sur...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Differences in prevalence, clinical and histological manifestations between seborrheic dermatitis (SD) in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients suggest that these two populations might also differ in a spectrum of isolated Malassezia species. The purpose of our study was to analyse the prevalence of Malassezia species in immunocompromised and non-immunocomprom...