1 Small-scale mountain cartography: relief features and data sources ......................................................77 2 Traditional relief shading and plan oblique relief ......................................................................................78 3 Continuous color shading .........................................................................................................

While large-scale seafloor features (e.g. continental slopes, mid-ocean ridges) help shape the broad patterns of ocean circulation, small-scale rough topography seamounts, abyssal hills) can also impact dynamics in two significant ways. First, they momentum budget through flow steering, blocking and drag force, non-local transfer via generation radiating internal waves dissipation by topographi...

Large scale changes to lipid bilayer shapes are well represented by the Helfrich model. However, there are membrane processes that take place at smaller length scales that this model cannot address. In this work, we present a one-dimensional continuum model that captures the mechanics of the lipid bilayer membrane at the length scale of the lipids themselves. The model is developed using the Co...

Kinematic dynamo theory is presented here for turbulent conductive fluids. We describe how inhomogeneous magnetic fluctuations are generated below the viscous scale of turbulence where the spatial smoothness of the velocity permits a systematic analysis of the Lagrangian path dynamics. We find analytically the moments and multipoint correlation functions of the magnetic field at small yet finit...

The abundance of dark matter satellites and subhalos, the existence of density cusps at the centers of dark matter halos and problems producing realistic disk galaxies in simulations are issues that have raised concerns about the viability of the standard cold dark matter (3CDM) scenario for galaxy formation. This paper reviews these issues and considers the implications for cold versus various...

Magnetoconvection simulations on mesogranule and granule scales near the solar surface are used to study the effect of convective motions on magnetic fields: the sweeping of magnetic flux into downflow lanes, the twisting of magnetic field lines, and the emergence and disappearance of magnetic flux tubes. Fromweak seed fields, convective motions produce highly intermittent magnetic fields in th...

Creative computational systems have often been largescale endeavors, based on elaborate models of creativity and sometimes featuring an accumulation of heuristics and numerous subsystems. An argument is presented for facilitating the exploration of creativity through small-scale systems, which can be more transparent, reusable, focused, and easily generalized across domains and languages. These...