Lung cancer is the leading cause of death from and most effective way to reduce lung mortality early detection treatment. The low-dose computed tomography (CT) can chances death, used as screening test in several countries. Pulmonary nodules are a common finding smokers, differential diagnosis particularly important smokers. We tried find out characteristics patients who underwent smoker screen...

Preeclampsia which happens in 5-10% of pregnancies is associated with maternal and prenatal morbidity and mortality in all over the world. Preeclampsia leads to high rates of preterm birth, small for gestational age infant. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of paternal cigarette smoking before and in conception on risk of preeclampsia in non smoker women without exp...

BACKGROUND Role conflict can motivate behavior change. No prior studies have explored the association between parent/smoker role conflict and readiness to quit. The objective of the study is to assess the association of a measure of parent/smoker role conflict with other parent and child characteristics and to test the hypothesis that parent/smoker role conflict is associated with a parent's in...

An increase in the social unacceptability of smoking has dramatically decreased tobacco use in the USA. However, how policies (e.g., smoke free air laws) and social factors (e.g., social norms) drive the social unacceptability of tobacco use are not well understood. New research suggests that the stigmatization of smokers is an unrecognized force in the tobacco epidemic and could be one such me...

Tobacco smoke is immunotoxic, but the effect of smoking on the immunologic function of the mammary gland of mothers who smoke cigarettes ("smoker mothers") has not been studied. Our objective was to test, in smoker mothers, the colostral and transitional milk concentrations of interleukin-(IL)1alpha. The immunomodulators beta-endorphin and leptin were also tested. Pregnant women who self-identi...

INTRODUCTION Some car rental companies in California and other states in the USA have established non-smoking policies for their vehicles. This study examined the effectiveness of these policies in maintaining smoke-free rental cars. METHODS A stratified random sample of 250 cars (non-smoker, smoker and unknown designation) was examined in San Diego County, California, USA. Dust, surfaces and...

Nicotine addiction is a complex process that begins with self-administration. Consequently, this process has been studied extensively using animal models. A person is usually not called "smoker" if s/he has smoked for a week or a month in a lifetime; in general, a smoker has been smoking for many years. Furthermore, a smoker has free access to cigarettes and can smoke whenever she/he wants, pro...

subject reports to smoke ! 10 cigarettes and has started the habit ! 3 years, and heavy smoker when he/she smokes 1 10 cigarettes a day and he/she is smoking for 1 3 years’. The italics have been added for emphasis to highlight that one of the ‘and’ should have been written as ‘or’ so that any smoker in the sample may be categorized as a light or heavy smoker. Clearly, the Campus et al. smoker ...