Olfactory systems in organisms ranging from invertebrates to mammals distinguish between odors using an array of olfactory neurons that express different olfactory receptors—usually just one receptor in a given neuron. Since an organism’s genome can encode hundreds of olfactory receptors, researchers have struggled to understand how a single olfactory neuron decides which receptor to express. I...

downward phase of dose-response morphine converted u shape curve was chosen as a base for investigating the effects of different doses of naloxone (0.05-0.4 mg/kg) on morphine reward/aversion properties using place preference method. first, male wistar rats (200-220 g) were received morphine (1-7.5 mg/kg) for place conditioning and marginal dose of morphine (5 mg/kg) calculated by graphpad soft...

P owerful tools for identifying reaction intermediates and byproducts of chemical reactions are crucial for the development of high-yield chemical syntheses, not only for testing theoretical mechanistic models and calculations, but also to obtain improved understanding of reaction mechanisms during trial experiments. This will enable more efficient steering toward optimum yields for a variety o...

A modified version of the intruder-resident paradigm was used to investigate if social recognition memory lasts at least 24 h. One hundred and forty-six adult male Wistar rats were used. Independent groups of rats were exposed to an intruder for 0.083, 0.5, 2, 24, or 168 h and tested 24 h after the first encounter with the familiar or a different conspecific. Factor analysis was employed to ide...