According to the countercurrent theory (1-3), concentration of the urine results from the movement of water from the collecting tubule into the hypertonic medullary interstitium. Medullary hypertonicity is generated and maintained by the sodium transported out of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and trapped in the medulla by the vasa recta which form a countercurrent exchanger. Consequen...

Phenol and its derivatives are pollutant compounds that are present in the wastewater of many industries. The objective of this study was to investigate the photocatalytic degradation of phenol in water containing various concentrations of sodium chloride. A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the performance of UV/ZnO process on the efficiency of phenol removal from saline water with Zn...

Race and Sex Differences in the Effects of Dietary Potassium Intake on the Risk of Stroke To the Editor: We read with great interest the 2 articles by Fang et al1 and Bazzano et al2 on the association between dietary potassium intake and stroke mortality. The study by Fang et al has revealed an inverse association between hazard of stroke death and dietary potassium intake in hypertensive men a...

Dietary salt plays a major role in the regulation of blood pressure, and the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone controls salt homeostasis and extracellular volume. Recent observations suggest that a small increase in plasma sodium concentration may contribute to the pressor response of dietary salt. Because endothelial cells are (i) sensitive to aldosterone, (ii) in physical contact with pla...

Control of osmolarity, as well as sodium, urea, and water balance in anuric patients under intermittent haemodialysis therapy is fundamentally different from subjects with normal kidney function. Whereas in subjects with normal kidney function excretion of solutes and water is performed continuously, during dialysis, within a short period of time most sodium and only a small amount of urea are ...

Studies have been made on the isolated urinary bladder of the toad, Bufo marinus, in an attempt to evaluate gradients of chemical activity across the mucosal surfaces of the epithelial cells which would serve to maintain a net movement of sodium from the mucosal medium into the cells. The likelihood of such chemical gradients has been established by the demonstration of lower contents of sodium...

This study assessed whether replacing sweat losses with sodium-free fluid can lower the plasma sodium concentration and thereby precipitate the development of hyponatremia. Ten male endurance athletes participated in one 1-h exercise pretrial to estimate fluid needs and two 3-h experimental trials on a cycle ergometer at 55% of maximum O2 consumption at 34 degrees C and 65% relative humidity. I...

BACKGROUND Despite potential benefits of histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution as a cardioplegic solution, it can cause hyponatremia, especially in pediatric patients. Fluctuations in the sodium concentration during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) can adversely affect the central nervous system. We evaluated the relationship between the cardioplegic solution, the fluctuation of sodium ...