An interacting electron liquid in two (2D) and three (3D) dimensions may undergo a paramagnetic-to-ferromagnetic quantum spin polarization transition at zero applied magnetic field, driven entirely by exchange interactions, as the system density ($n$) is decreased. This known Bloch ferromagnetism. We show theoretically that application of an external field ($B$), which directly polarizes throug...

the main purpose of this paper is to introduce and study new classes of soft closed sets like soft regular generalized b-closed sets in soft topological spaces (brie y soft rgb-closed set) moreover, soft rg-closed, soft gpr-closed, soft gb-closed, soft gsp-closed, soft g-closed, soft gb-closed, and soft sgb-closed sets in soft topological spaces are introduced in this paper and we investigat...

in this work, we introduce notion of connectedness on fuzzy soft topological spaces and present fundamentals properties. we also investigate effect to fuzzy soft connectedness. moreover, c_i-connectedness which plays an important role in fuzzy topological space extend to fuzzy soft topological spaces.

We discuss different magnetic phenomena observed in carbon-based structures, in particular the diamagnetism, paramagnetism and ferromagnetism observed in graphite, disordered carbon, fullerenes and irradiated carbon structures.