The extended Kalman filter (EKF) has long been recognized as a powerful, yet computationally intensive, methodology for stochastic parameter estimation. Three improvements to traditional algorithms are presented and applied to heterogeneous transmissivity estimation. First, the costly EKF covariance updates are replaced by more efficient approximations. Second, the zonation structure of the dis...

We can distinguish three phases of using the SAR and other EO satellite data in landslide studies: 1. Surface characterisation, ie initial topographic and geomorphological classification, DEMs, photogrammetry (using Spot and Landsat); 2. Measurement of slow to extremely slow slope movements by means of SAR interferometry; 3. Systematic monitoring of temporal-spatial variations in some slide pro...

flood is considered as a major threat among natural disasters in the world. this case becomes more important and has a higher risk in urban areas due to the existence of important uses. therefore, to reduce damages resulted from flood, this phenomenon must be managed and planned using structural and non-structural approaches. considering the development in iran has been carried out in high risk...

In this chapter several approaches towards zonation and continuity of biocommunities in streams are analyzed. In older literature, rivers were described in well defined stretches from source to mouth. The biocommunities were described as entities in those stretches. Later, American scientists claimed that a river is a continuum with gradually changing conditions and henceforth gradually changin...

This study aims to document the changes in modern pollen assemblages and soil elemental chemistry along broad edaphic, hydrological, and salinity gradients, including a previously undocumented secondary environmental gradient, in a vast mangrove-dominated wetland region in the Everglades, South Florida. Twenty-five soil surface samples were collected along an interior wetland transect and an es...

Landslides are the most common natural hazard in Piemonte region (northwestern Italy). This study is focused on shallow landslides caused by sliding of surficial detrital-colluvial cover rainfall and characterized a sudden fast evolution. investigates landslide events compared with variables considered as main predisposing qualitative factors (lithology, pedology land use) to obtain zonation su...

Subalpine rangeland as a rara avis ecosystem is very important because ofecological features. Consistency and resistance of this ecosystem is so frangible and itsnatural equilibrium is instable due to the effects of biotic and abiotic factors. The landslideas one of negative consequences in upland area is seen in Masoleh watershed (north ofIran). This study has investigated the roles of biotic ...

Goudemand et al. replot a subset of our well-constrained data using a new Early Triassic biostratigraphic scheme based on a lower-resolution ammonoid zonation scheme and hypothetical ammonoid-conodont correlation to produce a less distinct seawater temperature history. We dispute their unsubstantiated correlation and, consequently, their allegations.