Immunoglobulin (Ig)M+IgD+ B cells are generally assumed to represent antigen-inexperienced, naive B cells expressing variable (V) region genes without somatic mutations. We report here that human IgM+IgD+ peripheral blood (PB) B cells expressing the CD27 cell surface antigen carry mutated V genes, in contrast to CD27-negative IgM+IgD+ B cells. IgM+IgD+CD27(+) B cells resemble class-switched and...

Marginal zone cell lymphoma is a recently described entity among the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. It likely originates from the marginal zone B cells in the spleen and equivalent cells in the lymph node and extranodal tissues. Recent evidence indicates that marginal zone B cells are functionally heterogeneous and may differ with respect to the pattern of somatic hypermutation in their Ig variable g...

background: cross antigenicity is the major problem in developing a reliable tool for immunodiagnosis and immunoprophylaxis of parasitic diseases. mixed infection due to different types of gastrointestinal parasites is more common than single species infection under field condition. methods: the present study was undertaken to detect antigenic cross-reactivity among haemonchus contortus, oesoph...

Naturally evolving antibodies attain elevated affinity in germinal centers (GCs).[1] In these dynamic open micro-structures, competition between B cell clones and their somatic mutants drives an increase average across individual populations of up to a few thousand cells. Such evolutionary learning the antigenic target (known as maturation), however, eventually saturates. Most notably, saturati...

High-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) infections cause cancers in different organ sites, most commonly cervical and head and neck cancers. While carcinogenesis is initiated by two viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7, increasing evidence shows the importance of specific somatic events in host cells for malignant transformation. HPV-driven cancers share characteristic somatic changes, including apolipo...

A T-cell receptor (TCR) with optimal avidity to a tumor antigen can be used redirect T cells eradicate cancer via adoptive cell transfer. Cancer testis antigens (CTAs) are attractive targets because they expressed in the testis, which is immune-privileged, and tumor. However, CTAs self-antigens natural TCRs have low affinity/avidity due central tolerance. We previously described method of direc...

The adaptive immune system constantly remodels its lymphocyte repertoire for better protection against future pathogens. Its ability to improve antigen recognition on the fly relies somatic mutation and selective expansion of B lymphocytes expressing high-affinity receptors. However, this rapid evolution inside an individual appears ineffective, hitting a modest ceiling antigen-binding affinity...