Viruses are being redefined as more than just pathogens. They are also critical symbiotic partners in the health of their hosts. In some cases, viruses have fused with their hosts in symbiogenetic relationships. Mutualistic interactions are found in plant, insect, and mammalian viruses, as well as with eukaryotic and prokaryotic microbes, and some interactions involve multiple players of the ho...

dowry or marriage portion is a property that a wife owns after marriage and the spouse is obliged to pay to his wife. since marriage portion rules are not explicitly stipulated in iranian civil law, the writer article makes an attempt to answer whether a third party other than the husband can be in doubted to undertake the responsibility of paying the dowry. therefore, in case of divorce if the...

LESLIE T. MORTON and ROBERT J. MOORE, A bibliography of medical and biomedical biography, Aldershot, Hants, Scolar Press, 1989, 8vo, pp. ix, 208, £37.50. This book was originally conceived as a third edition of John Thornton's slim paperback A select bibliography of medical biography (1961, 1970) but has been so much enlarged and improved that it is rightly presented as a new work. Like its pre...

abstract mohammad mehdi javaheri is undoubtedly the greatest arab poet of contemporary classical poetry. he came to iran several times and was astonished by its beauty. this led to describe the nature of iran. but this part of his poetry, like his other poems, has not been considered by researchers. therefore, this study aims to analyze his poems on the iranian nature.  the important findings o...

For a property P and a sub-property P , we say that P is P -partially testable with q queries if there exists an algorithm that distinguishes, with high probability, inputs in P ′ from inputs ǫ-far from P by using q queries. There are natural properties that require many queries to test, but can be partitioned into a small number of subsets for which they are partially testable with very few qu...

A certain mathematician M, considering some hypothesis H, conclusion C and text P, can arrive at one of the following judgments: (1) P does not convince M of the fact that since H, it follows that C; (2) P is the proof that since H, it follows that C (judgment of the type"Proved"). Is it possible to replace such a mathematician with an arbitrary Turing machine? The paper provides a proof that t...

A discussion of the difficulties of prototype theories for describing compositional meaning motivates three experiments that inquire how well-defined concepts fare under paradigms that are commonly interpreted to support the prototype view. The stimulus materials include exemplars of prototype categories (sport, vehicle, fruit, vegetable) previously studied by others, and also exemplars of supp...

Cells face not only a complex biochemical environment but also a diverse biomechanical environment. How cells respond to variations in mechanical forces is critical in homeostasis and many diseases. The mechanisms by which mechanical forces lead to eventual biochemical and molecular responses remain undefined, and unraveling this mystery will undoubtedly provide new insight into strengthening b...