The countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States differ substantially in their post-Soviet economic development but face many of the same challenges to health and health systems. Life expectancies dropped steeply in the 1990s, and several countries have yet to recover the levels noted before the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Cardiovascular disease is a much bigger killer in the Common...

The postwar period is often viewed as the “Golden Age” of Soviet mathematics, yet the mathematical community in that period faced serious constraints. Restrictions on foreign travel, limited access to foreign literature, obsessive secrecy regulations, an obsolete university curriculum, the declining level of the faculty, discriminatory policies in university admissions and employment, and limit...

“The transformation of a traditional society could only be achieved extremely slowly, and certainly not by wrecking its existing structure and relationships. Even in the Soviet Union there had been the ‘great mistakes’ of the 1920s and 1930s. As a Soviet official in Moscow was also reported as saying [in 1981], ‘If there is one country in the world where we would not like to try scientific soci...

The goal of this paper is to propose and study properties of multiwinner voting rules (with a particular focus on rules based in some way on single-winner scoring rules). We consider, e.g., SNTV, Bloc, k-Borda, STV, and several variants of Chamberlin–Courant’s and Monroe’s rules, identify two natural approaches to defining multiwinner rules, and show that many of our rules can be captured by on...

BACKGROUND Research suggests that since the collapse of the Soviet Union there has been a sharp growth in the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in some former Soviet countries. However, as yet, comparatively little is known about the use of CAM in the countries throughout this region. Against this background, the aim of the current study was to determine the prevalence of usin...

OBJECTIVES To study and report the attitudes and practices of physicians in a former Soviet republic regarding issues pertaining to patients' rights, physician negligence and the acceptance of gratuities from patients. DESIGN Survey questionnaire administered to physicians in 1991 at the time of the Soviet breakup. SETTING Estonia, formerly a Soviet republic, now an independent state. SUR...

The woody flora of the Soviet Far East is rich and diverse when compared to dendrofloras at similar latitudes of the world. The bulk of this region lies north oflatitude 46 degrees. This area includes the northernmost stations in eastern Asia for many genera, e.g., Abelia, Acer, Aralia, Carpinus, Corylus, Fraxinus, Hydrangea, Ilex, Juglans, Magnolia, Morus, Quercus, Phellodendron, Sasa, Schizop...

height of Stalin's repressive policies. The increased persecution of homosexuals following de-Stalinization is also puzzling given the generally more liberal climate that existed in the country under Khrushchev. As the author himself recognizes, much work still needs to be done to further our understanding of sexual politics and the treatment of sexual dissent in the Soviet Union, as well as th...

141 T Second, there is a connection between democracy and geopolitics. In Central Asia geopolitics, or new geopolitics, has also penetrated (in the same way as the issue of democracy) national genetics. Uzbekistan’s democratic self-identification (if I may say so) will not merely be a result of the country’s domestic sociopolitical evolution; to a great extent it will be the result of an extern...