We developed a fully digital implementation of the Silicon Photomultiplier. The sensor is based on a single photon avalanche photodiode (SPAD) integrated in a standard CMOS process. Photons are detected directly by sensing the voltage at the SPAD anode using a dedicated cell electronics block next to each diode. This block also contains active quenching and recharge circuits as well as a one bi...

Hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the sole and combined effects of cadmium and salinity on growth and photosynthesis of Brassica napus (cultivar Abasin) and Brassica juncea (cultivar NIFA-Raya). Cadmium (as CdCl2; 3 and 6 μmol L) and NaCl (100 and 200 mM) were added either alone or in combination in Hoagland solution along with non-treated controls. Cd and NaCl treatments impos...

In the past decades different methods based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) have been developed to image a variety of hemodynamic parameters in tissue. However, simultaneous high resolution imaging of oxyand deoxyhemoglobin is not yet possible in clinical practices with millimeter accuracy. Nearinfrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) is a well established techniq...

Agronomic performance of garlic is speculated strongly affected by genotype ´ environment interaction, however, interaction evaluation rarely studied in Indonesia. This research aimed to study the agronomic response four varieties two different locations. The was conducted from April December 2021 using Lumbu Putih, Hijau, Kuning, and Tawangmangu Baru genotypes grown locations, i.e., Lembang (1...

We present the challenges of using single-photon avalanche diodes in large arrays and the architectures employed in the readout systems. We also discuss the elements that make these imagers appealing for some applications and why.

Abiotic stress can alter key physiological constituents and functions in green plants. Improving the capacity to monitor this response in a non-destructive manner is of considerable interest, as it would offer a direct means of initiating timely corrective action. Given the vital role that plant pigments play in the photosynthetic process and general plant physiological condition, their accurat...

Nowadays the global climate change significantly affects agricultural production due to different biotic and abiotic stresses. Phythopathogens, like fusarium, can cause serious injury which could be worsened by climatic conditions. The goal of our experiment was examine single combined effect nitrogen (N) deprivation Fusarium graminearum infection on physiology some maize genotypes. Furthermore...

We propose the use of dynamic circuits for quenching avalanche events in single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays. Two area-efficient, circuit solutions are presented in 0.35μm CMOS technology. These circuits contain no passive elements and consume shoot-through current only at triggering instants. The resulting reduction in power consumption and supply noise is essential to formation of lar...

Although maize (Zea mays L.) routinely experiences both intraand interspecific competition for limited resources, most plant-plant interaction studies have principally focused on maize-weed interactions. Thus very few investigations have considered the impacts of plant crowding and nitrogen (N) availability on maize intra-specific competition. The primary objective of this two-year field study ...

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study the ameliorative effects of exogenous glycinebetaine (GB) upon cadmium (Cd) toxicity in cucumber seedlings. The results indicated that 50 μmol/L Cd stress decreased soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value, height, root length, seedling biomass, activities ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and ATPase leaves, stems roots; however, increased (POD) sup...