Coral cores provide vital climate reconstructions for site-specifi c temporal variability in river fl ow and sediment load. Yet, their ability to record spatial differences across multiple catchments is relatively unknown. Here, we investigate spatial linkages between four coral proxies of terrestrial runoff and their relationships between sites. Coral cores were drilled in and around Antongil ...

[1] The North American monsoon is a key feature affecting summer climate over Southwestern North America. During the monsoon, evapotranspiration from the Southwest promotes transference of water to the atmosphere which is subsequently distributed across the continent linking the SW to other regions via atmospheric hydrologic connectivity. However, the degree to which atmospheric connectivity re...

Microbial community assembly and microbial functions are affected by a number of different but coupled drivers such as local habitat characteristics, dispersal rates, and species interactions. In groundwater systems, hydrological flow can introduce spatial structure and directional dependencies among these drivers. We examined the importance of hydrology in structuring bacterial communities and...

In this paper we develop a complete classification scheme for planar, spherical and spatial four-bar linkages. The goal of this classification is to note all of the subtleties of motion that an arbitrary set of four link lengths can define. A classification should exist only between the mechanisms that exhibit similar ranges of motion at both the input and output. In the planar case, three para...

In the last 20 years, both public and private expenditures on resource conservation and environmental protection have increased dramatically. However, there are numerous technical and political barriers to the efficient use of conservation funds. This paper discusses some of these barriers and approaches to overcoming them. It argues that ecosystem complexities such as threshold effects, ecosys...

This study focuses on the spatial characteristics of the economic impact of a wine sector on rural and urban local areas. It is applied to the Bordeaux vineyard. A model associating a gravity analysis of indirect effect diffusion and a hierarchical urban system is used to analyse agriculture-industry linkages. Results indicate that the economic impact of winery activities are mainly concentrate...

Humans have continuously interacted with natural systems, resulting in the formation and development of coupled human and natural systems (CHANS). Recent studies reveal the complexity of organizational, spatial, and temporal couplings of CHANS. These couplings have evolved from direct to more indirect interactions, from adjacent to more distant linkages, from local to global scales, and from si...

This paper analyses the concept of linkages and studies the development and the determinants of inter-firm linkages between electronics firms in Ireland and domestic sub-suppliers using firm level data for 1982 to 1995. We discuss the concept of inter-firm linkages and the effects of linkages. We argue that the concept of linkages developed by Hirschman (1958) is an inter-sectoral concept which...

One account of spatial concentration focuses on productivity advantages arising from market size. We investigate this for 40 regions of Japan. Our results identify important effects of a region’s own size, as well as cost linkages between producers and suppliers of inputs. Productivity links to a more general form of ‘market potential’ or Marshall-ArrowRomer externalities do not appear to be ro...

Geographic information systems (GIS) are computer-based tools for geographic data analysis and spatial visualization. They have become one of the information and communications technologies for education at all levels. This article reviews the current status of GIS in schools, analyzes the requirements of a GIS-based learning environment from constructivist perspectives, and discusses the major...