Characterisation of the spatial structure of population variables is important for several reasons. Firstly, knowledge of how population subgroups are distributed across spatial scales has direct links to several research areas including analyses of deprivation, residential segregation and health status. For any application concerned with concentrations of members of different groups, spatial s...

Digital topographic maps are created in a series of scales from large to small, and the underlying spatial data is commonly organized as multiscale database consisting several levels detail (LoDs). Spatial density features (or objects) such varies both between LoDs (coarser less densely populated with features) within each LoD (feature changes over area). While former type variation caused by g...