This paper explains and gives a global analysis of the “rising egg” phenomenon. The main tools that are used in this analysis are derived from the theory of dissipation-induced instabilities, adiabatic invariants, and LaSalle’s invariance principle. The analysis is done within the framework of a specific model of the egg as a prolate spheroid, with its equations of motion derived from Newtonian...

Three dimensional, in vitro spheroid cultures offer considerable utility for the development and testing of anticancer photodynamic therapy regimens. More complex than monolayer cultures, three-dimensional spheroid systems replicate many of the important cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions that modulate treatment response in vivo. Simple enough to be grown by the thousands and small enough t...

In vitro tumor spheroids are generated using scaffold-free technologies, e.g. hanging drop, agar gel sandwich, and low adhesive surfaces, etc, for drug screening applications. Some of these platforms are currently adapting towards reducing spheroid time formation and increasing highthroughput workflow. Here, we show the use of 3-dimensional (3D) polymer scaffolds to generate multicellular spher...

BACKGROUND Calcium electroporation describes the use of high voltage electric pulses to introduce supraphysiological calcium concentrations into cells. This promising method is currently in clinical trial as an anti-cancer treatment. One very important issue is the relation between tumor cell kill efficacy-and normal cell sensitivity. METHODS Using a 3D spheroid cell culture model we have tes...

In solid tumours millions of cells are shed into the blood circulation each day. Only a subset of these circulating tumour cells (CTCs) survive, many of them presumable because of their potential to form multi-cellular clusters also named spheroids. Tumour cells within these spheroids are protected from anoikis, which allows them to metastasize to distant organs or re-seed at the primary site. ...

HeLa cells cocultured with human diploid fibroblasts developed a more stable and tightly packed spheroid than did HeLa cells alone. Mature spheroids with central necrosis resembled the cord structure of solid tumors in histological appearance and distribution of cells labeled by [3H]thymidine. Electron microscopy showed that HeLa cells in the spheroid are in close contact with each other and ha...

Common 2D cell cultures do not adequately represent the functions of 3D tissues that have extensive cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, as well as markedly different diffusion/transport conditions. Hence, testing cytotoxicity in 2D cultures may not accurately reflect the actual toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) and other nanostructures in the body. To obtain more adequate and detailed informa...