High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect stratified epithelia to establish persistent infections that maintain low-copy-number episomes in infected basal cells. Amplification of viral genomes occurs upon keratinocyte differentiation, followed by virion synthesis. During persistent HPV infections, viral proteins act to evade surveillance by both innate and adaptive immune responses. One of...

The STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) signaling pathway is activated by a large number of cytokines and growth factors. We sought to design a conditionally active STAT that could not only provide insight into basic questions about STAT function but also serve as a powerful tool to determine the precise biological role of STATs. To this end, we have developed a conditionall...

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a devastating clinical problem with a mortality as high as 60%. It is now appreciated that ALI represents a cytokine excess state that involves the microvasculature of multiple organs. The signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) family of transcription factors activate critical mediators of cytokine responses, but there is limited knowledge about the...

90 JAK-STAT Volume 1 issue 2 In this issue of JAK-STAT, we introduce a series of reviews overlooking the ever-expanding field of myocardial JAK-STAT signaling. The history of cardiac JAK-STAT research begins in the mid-nineties, when various groups began to focus their attention on how myocardial physiology was specifically regulated through JAK-STAT signaling. Interest in the area began to gro...

UNLABELLED Jugular venous oxygen saturation (SJVO(2)) reflects the balance between cerebral blood flow and metabolism. This study was designed to compare the effects of two different acid-base strategies on jugular venous desaturation (SJVO(2) <50%) and cerebral arteriovenous oxygen-glucose use. We performed a prospective, randomized study in 52 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) ...

AIMS During preconditioning by tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) but not Akt, is essential, whereas ischaemic cardiac preconditioning (IPC) requires both STAT-3 and Akt at the time of reperfusion. However, it is not known whether the same signalling pattern occurs during the preconditioning stimulus (trigger ph...

Welcome to the first issue of JAK-STAT, which is the first international journal focusing entirely on the ever expanding field of JAK-STAT signaling. This is particularly timely given the upcoming 20th anniversary of the discovery of the JAK-STAT pathway. Our goal is that JAK-STAT will be the leading primary journal in the field and will provide a comprehensive view of JAK-STAT signaling in bas...