One of the major problems in quantum physics has been to generalize classical root-mean-square error measurements obtain an measure satisfying both soundness (to vanish for any accurate measurements) and completeness only measurements). A noise-operator based commonly used this purpose, but it turned out incomplete. Recently, Ozawa proposed a new definition be sound complete. Here, we present n...

A measure of closeness among three or more means from normal populations was proposed by Ng (2000). The F-statistic was proposed to test the null hypothesis that this measure of closeness is greater than or equal to some prespecified δ (>0), against the alternative hypothesis that this measure of closeness is smaller than δ. The null distribution of the F-statistic at the boundary has a non-cen...

Probability, Random Chance, and Genetics Why do we study random chance and probability during a unit on genetics? Genetics is the study of inheritance, but it is also a study of probability. Most eukaryotic organisms are diploid, meaning that each cell contains two copies of every chromosome, so there are two copies of each gene that controls a trait (alleles). In sexual reproduction, these two...

The recent droughts in Iran made a decline in groundwater table and the migration of villagers to cities was hindered supplying drinking water for the current population. Therefore it should be considered as an important issue. In this regard, it is possible to achieve this goal by constructing underground dams that recently have been suggested to replace by medium and small overland dams. The ...