P. F. Lovibond and D. R. Shanks (2002) suggested that all forms of classical conditioning depend on awareness of the stimulus contingencies. This article considers the available data for eyeblink classical conditioning, including data from 2 studies (R. E. Clark, J. R. Manns, & L. R. Squire, 2001; J. R. Manns, R. E. Clark, & L. R. Squire, 2001) that were completed too recently to have been cons...

In this inaugural paper, we shall provide an overview of the endothelial surface layer or glycocalyx in several roles: as a transport barrier, as a porous hydrodynamic interface in the motion of red and white cells in microvessels, and as a mechanotransducer of fluid shearing stresses to the actin cortical cytoskeleton of the endothelial cell. These functions will be examined from a new perspec...

Memory can be divided into two categories: memory of events or facts, and memory for skills and rules. These are often called declarative memory and procedural memory (Squire, 1986; Tulving, 1985), or they are often characterized as ‘‘what’’ memory and ‘‘how’’ memory. An accumulation of declarative memories will comprise knowledge; an accumulation of procedural memories will comprise intelligen...

There is no reasonable doubt that the hippocampus plays an important role in memory processing. A virtually uncountable number of studies in animals and humans have revealed changes in neural activity in this structure during memory formation [Squire LR. Memory and the hippocampus: a synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans. Psychol Rev 1992;99:195-231; Squire LR, Stark CE, Clark ...

Background: Helicobacter pylori has caused gastritis leading to bleeding and iron deficiency anemia. H-pylori eradication results in better response oral treatment. Aim: To determine the frequency of improvement refractory anemia after successful H-pylori. Study design: Descriptive, case series. Methodology: Patients (n=89) anemia, 15-55 years either gender were included. After this taking rele...

Studies of incidental category learning support the hypothesis of an implicit prototype-extraction system that is distinct from explicit memory (Smith, 2008). In those studies, patients with explicit-memory impairments due to damage to the medial-temporal lobe performed normally in implicit categorization tasks (Bozoki, Grossman, & Smith, 2006; Knowlton & Squire, 1993). However, alternative int...

INTRODUCTION Treatment team charged to help patients and their family making decision about donate organs in the final stage of life. Hence, their knowledge and attitude is important to plan of increasing the rate of organ donation. MATERIALS AND METHODS About 150 nurses recruited in this cross-sectional study randomly. After taking informed consent, questionnaires were filled. The data colle...

For the past 50 years, psychologists have wrestled with questions regarding the relationship between conscious awareness and human conditioned behavior. A recent proposal that the hippocampus mediates awareness during trace conditioning (Clark, Squire, Science 1998;280:77–81) has extended the awareness-conditioning debate to the neuroscience arena. In the following commentary, we raise specific...