The conventional heteroskedasticity-robust (HR) variance matrix estimator for cross-sectional regression (with or without a degrees-of-freedom adjustment), applied to the fixed-effects estimator for panel data with serially uncorrelated errors, is inconsistent if the number of time periods T is fixed (and greater than 2) as the number of entities n increases. We provide a bias-adjusted HR estim...

When reporting estimates and associated standard errors (ses) or confidence intervals (CIs), the standard formats, “estimate (se)” and “estimate (95% CI: [lower, upper]),” can be confusing in text; in tables they hinder comparisons. Furthermore, some readers can misinterpret the CI format as indicating equal support for all reported values. To remedy these deficits, we recommend formats that (1...

The sample variation of indices for approximation of sets in the context of rough sets data analysis is considered. We consider the g and a indices and some other ones – lower and upper bound approximation of decision classes. We derive confidence bounds for these indices as well as a two group comparison procedure. Finally we present procedures to compare the approximation quality of two sets ...

Commonly used formulae for standard error (SE) estimates in covariance structure analysis are derived under the assumption of a correctly specified model. In practice, a model is at best only an approximation to the real world. It is important to know whether the estimates of SEs as provided by standard software are consistent when a model is misspecified, and to understand why if not. Bootstra...

263 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Statistical notes for clinical researchers: Understanding standard deviations and stand...

medication error (me) is the most common preventable cause of adverse drug events which negatively affects patient safety. inadequate, low-quality studies plus wide estimation variations in me from developing countries including iran, decreases the reliability of me evaluations. to clarify sources, underreporting reasons and preventive measures of mes, we reviewed iran current available literat...

Background and Objectives: For total analytical error, imprecision (SD) and bias, performance goals for laboratory tests have most often been developed. A total analytical error goal requires that the combination of errors from all sources (random and systematic errors) be within some acceptable limit. M...

background identification of common technical errors during preparation of panoramic radiographs, how affect the quality and interpretation of the radiographs and the techniques used to deal with such errors, might help prevent unnecessary radiation to patients and save their time and money. objectives the current study aimed to identify common errors in the panoramic radiographs taken by post-...

Abstract This study evaluated the translation quality of English equivalents of Persian proper nouns in the tourist signs and bilingual boards in Isfahan. To find different errors in the translations of the bilingual boards and tourist signs, the data were collected directly by taking picture or writing exactly from the available tourist signs and bilingual boards. Then, the errors were assesse...