arises, and of disembarrassing the mind, if need be, of any preconceived ideas derived from the authority of books, however well written, and of teachers however eminent. Thus, it is only necessary to examine the records of Medicine for a few years in order to become convinced of the fallacy of almost all attempts to establish unerring principles of nosological arrangement, or to institute dogm...

Swifts are among the most aerodynamically refined gliding birds. However, the overlapping vanes and protruding shafts of their primary feathers make swift wings remarkably rough for their size. Wing roughness height is 1-2% of chord length on the upper surface--10,000 times rougher than sailplane wings. Sailplanes depend on extreme wing smoothness to increase the area of laminar flow on the win...

Many years of observation have made it abundantly clear that the effects of posture on the cardiac physical signs are matters of great importance, whether in the first diagnosis of a case or in the subsequent following of its fortunes. The old advice, sound though it was, to examine all hearts both in the erect and recumbent positions, had so little argument attached to it that practically no o...

Heart rate is associated with work hardness and increase linearly with its increasing. In the average of energy consumption, heart rate measurement is simple but non-accurate method for calculation of work hardness. Our purpose in this research was to evaluate the relationship between heart rate and dynamometry results with hypothesis of work hardness effectiveness on the human power. This stud...

No abstract available.

Antimicrobial stethoscope covers impregnated with silver ions have been developed to prevent surface contamination and potential transmission of bacterial pathogens to patients. To test their practical utility, covers were distributed with the manufacturers' recommendations to a mixed group of health care professionals in a medical/surgical intensive care unit and an emergency department. Seven...

It was a logical expectation that scientific progress and the availability of sophisticated imaging modalities over the last decades would have strengthened the effectiveness of the traditional physical examination, which had not changed in almost 150 years. But, on the contrary, we witness a progressive decline in examination skills. Many colleagues bemoan this loss and blame our increasing re...

Training in cardiac auscultation is a core element of undergraduate teaching but recent studies have documented a remarkable decline in auscultatory skills. Therefore there is an interest in new ways to teach cardiac auscultation. In analogy to phonocardiography, an electronic system for simultaneous auscultation and visualisation of murmurs was sought. For this purpose, an electronic stethosco...

Student nurse anesthetists are often required to purchase an auscultatory earpiece device for use in the clinical setting. Although the device is required, students have observed that many anesthesia providers in the clinical setting no longer use this piece of equipment. The purpose of this project was to determine the number of anesthesia programs that required mandatory purchase of the auscu...