We investigated how people design interventions to affect the outcomes of causal systems. We propose that the abstract structural properties of a causal system, in addition to people's content and mechanism knowledge, influence decisions about how to intervene. In Experiment 1, participants preferred to intervene at specific locations (immediate causes, root causes) in a causal chain regardless...

When seeking to prevent HIV/AIDS in women, attending to aspects of their lived experience provides opportunities to address the presence of social determinants in prevention strategies. According to the CDC, in 2010, the rate of new HIV infections among Black women was 20 times that of White women, while among Hispanic/Latino women it was 4 times the rate of White women. Additionally, 86% of HI...

AIMS To investigate the use and the obstacles to use of screening and brief interventions (SBI) for alcohol misuse among Norwegian general practitioners (GP). METHODS A questionnaire with 68 questions about the use and barriers to use of SBI in general practice was mailed to 2000 randomly selected Norwegian GPs. RESULTS The survey response rate was 45%. There was a much higher prevalence of...

introduction:childhood obesity is a major public health crisis nationally and internationally. the prevalence of  childhood obesity has increased over few years. it is caused by imbalance between calorie intake and calories utilized. one or more factors (genetic, behavioral, and environmental) cause obesity in children. physical, psychological, and social health problems are caused due to child...

We use the term structural restoration for those interventions that are carried out on monuments in order to restore the bearing capacity of the whole or of parts that have structural problems. Most of the structural problems of the Acropolis monuments are due to the cracking and splintering of the marble caused by the rusting of the extensive iron reinforced elements that had been inserted dur...

INTRODUCTION Female sex workers (FSWs) frequently experience violence in their work environments, violating their basic rights and increasing their vulnerability to HIV infection. Structural interventions addressing such violence are critical components of comprehensive HIV prevention programmes. We describe structural interventions developed to address violence against FSWs in the form of poli...

OBJECTIVE To review the current state of knowledge on the prevention of sexual transmission of HIV in adolescents and to highlight the existing gaps and priority areas for future research. BACKGROUND A disproportionate burden of HIV infections falls on adolescents, a developmental stage marked by unique neural, biological, and social transition. Successful interventions are critical to preven...

Randomized controlled trial evidence shows that interventions before age 5 can improve skills necessary for educational success; the effect of these interventions on socioeconomic inequalities is unknown. Using trial effect estimates, and marginal structural models with data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (n = 11,764, imputed), simulated effects of plausible interventi...