Submerged macrophytes respond to changes in the nutrient concentrations in their environment. In contrast to diatoms e.g., submerged macrophytes are capable of taking up nutrients from both the sediment pore water and the overlying water. Therefore, macrophytes can provide a more comprehensive assessment of river ecosystems. Two methods using submerged macrophytes to assess and monitor changes ...

Submerged tooth is the one that is depressed below the occlusal plane. Dental ankylosis is thought to be a major cause of submergence. Submerged deciduous teeth have the potential to cause malocclusion not only by prevention of their exfoliation and subsequent replacement by permanent teeth but also by causing tilting of proximal teeth and extrusion of opposing tooth. The purpose of this report...

Thin-plate weirs are commonly used as measuring devices in flumes and channels, enabling an accurate discharge measurement with simple instruments. The calibration formulae of such devices rely upon some empirical coefficients and there is a need to obtain new accurate physical data to complement the existing evidence. In the present study, the discharge calibration of a large 901 V-notch thin ...

Abstract The attention of researchers and engineers has been attracted to gabion weirs due their environmental, hydraulic, stability capabilities compared with solid weirs. One the possible problems is partial blockage caused by sedimentation upstream them. This research experiment investigates hydraulic performance broad-crested (GBCWs) an blockage. For this purpose, a total 147 experiments we...

Abstract Weirs are used to control and regulate the flow in open channels. In gabion structures, conditions more complex due complexity of through porous body a gabion. The present study aims investigate water surface profile, overflow velocity both through-flow ratios. Six physical models three downstream slopes (V:H 1:1, 1:2, 1:3) two types rockfill (crushed stone rounded gravel) were investi...

The amphibious leafless sedge Eleocharis vivipara develops C4-like traits as well as Kranz anatomy under terrestrial conditions, but it develops C3-like traits without Kranz anatomy under submerged conditions. When submerged plants are exposed to aerial conditions, they rapidly produce new photosynthetic tissues with C4-like traits. In this study, experiments were performed to determine whether...