BACKGROUND While food pricing is a promising strategy to improve diet, the prospective impact of food pricing on diet has not been systematically quantified. OBJECTIVE To quantify the prospective effect of changes in food prices on dietary consumption. DESIGN We systematically searched online databases for interventional or prospective observational studies of price change and diet; we also...

We determine how the U.S. ethanol tax credit and import tariff affect the corn-ethanol-gasoline markets and how farm subsidies interact with these policies. We show how the ethanol tax credit and import tariff each uniquely affect the ethanol and gasoline prices. The ethanol import tariff alone increases the terms of trade in ethanol imports and corn exports, but decreases the terms of trade in...

Food price increases and the introduction of radical social welfare and enterprise reforms during the 1990s generated significant changes in the lives of urban households in China. During this period urban poverty increased considerably. This paper uses household level data from 1986 to 2000 to examine what determines whether households fall below the poverty line over this period and investiga...

In this essay we review the evidence from marketing research about price presentation of consumer products and discuss how these lessons have been applied—consciously or unconsciously—in the design of the U.S. tax system. Our perspective is that, in most situations, the designers of the tax system attempt to minimize the perceived burden of any given amount of tax collections. We allow, though,...

We consider a Cournot Oligopoly market of firms possessing increasing returns to scale technologies (which may not be identical). It is shown that an external regulating agency can increase total social welfare without running a deficit by offering to subsidize one firm an amount which depends on the output level of that firm and the market price. The firms bid for this contract, the regulator ...

In face of gradual ecological deterioration, the Chinese government has been in search of more efficient and effective mitigation policies, aiming to promote the sustainability of livestock production. However, researchers and policy makers seem to neglect a key issue: pinpoint policies are the most important, which means niche targeting is the premise before any policy design, such that better...

The German unī cation process imposed a signī cant price-cost squeeze on eastern ̄rms. Important technology di®erences between the East and the West generated high pressures on the competitive position of eastern manufacturing ̄rms when product and factor markets integration took place. In order to avoid mayor employment and output costs, the government subsidized eastern ̄rms. A similar proces...

We study privatization under moral hazard and adverse selection. We show that if the fraction of efficient investors is either insignificant or productivity differences between efficient and inefficient investors are negligible, the government would offer a pooling contract and sell the same fraction of equity to both types of investors. The lower the productivity difference, the greater the eq...

This paper presents two field studies of altruistic behavior among random samples of the Dutch population using modified versions of the dictator game. In the ordinary dictator game, university students devide an endowment received at the beginning of the experiment between themselves and an ‘anonymous other’. In study 1, a large, representative sample of the Dutch population (n=1,964), played ...