In recent years many efforts have been made aiming to define the conditions of the reaction of substitution which lead to inversion of configuration (Walden inversion). The investigations in this direction of Polanyi et al.,’ of Olson,2 of Hughes, Ingold, et aL3 are most outstanding. Polanyi et al. and Olson came to the conclusion that all reactions of substitution by a negative group or ion ar...

the use of a recyclable phase transfer catalyst, sio2-peg-imbr, is demonstrated in a simple and highly efficient synthesis of phenacyl derivatives by nucleophilic substitution reaction of phenacyl halides with different anions in water. advantages of this system are easy work-up, moderate to good yields, and recyclable catalyst. the catalyst can be recycled and reused several times with no loss...

Curdlan was acetylated with a low degree of substitution (DS), and the reaction solution subjected to wet spinning. The curdlan acetate fibres showed changes in crystalline structure wet-to-dry tenacity at DS exceeding 0.8.

Clean production of hydrogen from electrochemical water splitting has been known as a green method of fuel production. In this work, electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) was investigated at new prepared layered double hydroxides (LDH) in acidic solution. NiAl/carbon black (CB) LDH was monitored using x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scannin...

Cubic Li 2 Fe 0.9 M 0.1 SO antiperovskites with M–Co 2+ , or Mn were successfully synthesized by a solid-state technique, and studied as cathode materials in Li-batteries. The influence of the Co, cation substitution FeSO on resulting electrochemical performance was evaluated galvanostatic cycling, while reaction mechanism explored applying operando X-ray absorption diffraction techniques using...

This is probably the single most important reaction of carboxylic acid derivatives. The overall transformation is defined by the following equation, and may be classified either as nucleophilic substitution at an acyl group or as acylation of a nucleophile. For certain nucleophilic reagents the reaction may assume other names as well. If Nuc-H is water the reaction is often called hydrolysis, i...