Improving knowledge worker productivity has been one of the most important tasks of the century. However, we have few measures or management interventions to make such improvement possible, and it is difficult to identify patterns that should be followed by knowledge workers because systems and processes in an organization are often regarded as a death blow to creativity. In this paper, we se...

Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) is one of the most famous indices, which is used for estimating the productivity change of a Decision Making Unit (DMU) during the time. Virtually any empirical study that uses MPI, reports average of the productivity indices they estimate to represent the overall tendency in productivity changes. In such a case, productivity indices of a DMU are considered wi...