The effect of superfused serotonin (5-HT; 50 microns) on the synaptic responses of the lateral giant (LG) interneuron in crayfish was found to depend on the social status of the animal. In socially isolated animals. 5-HT persistently increased the response of LG to sensory nerve shock. After social isolates were paired in a small cage, they fought and determined their dominant and subordinate s...

Somatostatin is a neuropeptide best known for its inhibitory effects on growth hormone secretion and has recently been implicated in the control of social behavior. Several somatostatin receptor subtypes have been identified in vertebrates, but the functional basis for this diversity is still unclear. Here we investigate the expression levels of the somatostatin prepropeptide and two of its rec...

Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to compare brain activation associated with basic-level (e.g., BIRD) and subordinate-level (e.g., EAGLE) processing for both visual and semantic judgments. We localized the putative face area for eleven subjects, who also performed visual matching judgments for pictures and aurally-presented words. The middle fusiform and occipital gyri were recrui...

Agonistic behavior, brain concentrations of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA, the main 5-HT metabolite), plasma cortisol levels, and the pituitary expression of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) A and B mRNA were determined in socially dominant and subordinate rainbow trout after 1 or 7 days of social interaction. Telencephalic and brain stem 5-HIAA/5-HT r...

This study investigated the nature of the relationships between leader reward and punishment behaviors and subordinate performance and satisfaction. Only performance-contingent reward behavior was found to affect subordinate performance significantly. Positive relationships were found between leader contingent reward behavior and employee satisfaction. Contingent punishment had no effects on su...

This paper is part of a research program based on the thesis that the only reliable way for ensuring that a heterogeneous distributed community of software modules and people conforms to a given policy is for this policy to be enforced. We have devised a mechanism called law-governed interaction (LGI) for this purpose. As has been demonstrated in previous publications, LGI can be used to specif...

Expediency is subtle, but it detrimental to the organization. This study aims discover what at workplace prompts supervisor expediency. Based on literature, predicted that expediency results from high-performance goals. Furthermore, bottom-line mentality acts as a moderator between goals and such high strengthens this relationship. The present study’s theoretical framework grounded transactiona...

Testing whether and how subordinate individuals differ from dominants in the utilization of enriched CO2 atmospheres is important for understanding future stand and community structure. We hypothesized that subordinate and dominant Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (Asteraceae) (common ragweed) plants growing in dense stands would not equally acquire or utilize carbon gains from CO2-enrichment, and th...