The surgical treatment of spinal metastases is still controversial. Due to developments in diagnostic imaging there has been a great evolution in minimally invasive surgical techniques for the spinal surgery. Most of the patients with spinal metastases are debilitated and under high risk of major surgical morbidity and mortality. Less perioperative pain, less blood loss, less hospitalization ti...

ntroduction. A combined abdominal and thoracic surgical approach is the treatment of choice for renal cell arcinoma with secondary thrombus extending to the supradiaphragmatic vena cava and initially into the ight atrium. This procedure usually requires a median sternotomy with cardiopulmonary bypass and deep ypothermic circulation arrest or, alternatively, venovenous bypass. In this report, we...

In recent years, viral epidemics such as the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have spread, and this outbreak is thought to be the result of animal-to-human transmission. Hence, accurate diagnostic tests to detect COVID-19 and antiviral antibodies in infected individuals are of utmost importance. This report describes the structure, history, taxonomy, and molecular and immunological techniques for...

Advances in medical imaging, together with the development of many new minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic techniques, have had a huge impact on the practice of neurosurgery. Image-guided, minimally invasive methods that use microinstruments, lasers, catheters, and endoscopes are achieving results comparable to or better than those obtained with traditional surgical resection. Better ...

Autopsy, histology and cytology have been and histology and cytology still are the main diagnostic tools in surgical pathology. During the last two decades molecular biology gradually has extended the diagnostic armamentarium. In tumor pathology molecular biology techniques are used to diagnose and subclassify tumors, predict response to therapies and identify therapeutic targets. Molecular pat...

There is a long history of corneal refractive surgery. Leonardo Da Vinci in 1508 said the theory of refractive errors. The first systematic analysis of the nature and results of refractive errors came from Francis Cornelius Donders. His classic treatise, “On the anomalies of accommodation and refraction of the eye”, outlined the fundamental principles of physiological optics. Ironically, in thi...

Many endodontists avoid surgical procedures in proximity to the mental foramen. Although a healthy respect for regional anatomy is important, this should not be at the expense of failing to offer the most appropriate endodontic care. When correct preoperative diagnostic and surgical techniques are used, serious negative sequelae are rarely encountered. Three simple steps used during presurgical...

During the five-year period July 1957 to June 1962, 229 children with cardiac anomalies underwent surgical correction aided by cardiopulmonary bypass in the Cardio-Thoracic Unit of the Hammersmith Hospital. This report includes only patients up to 14 years of age, and outlines the diagnostic and pre-operative measures as well as the surgical and perfusion techniques used. Details of the postope...

The diagnostic procedures, indications for surgery and operative techniques for carotid artery occlusive diseases are well established, but still there is a lot of controversy regarding surgery of vertebral arteries (VAs), especially kinked VAs. Even more controversy exists about indications for surgical repair of different anomalies of VAs. The role of VAs in supplying blood to the brain and t...

Tracheostomy has become one of the most commonly performed procedures in the critically ill patient. Variations in technique and expertise have led to a wide range of reported procedural related morbidity and rarely mortality. The lack of prospective, controlled trials, physician bias and patient comorbidities further confound the decisions regarding the timing of tracheostomy. With careful att...