In order to provide a consistent explanation for Aristotelian modal syllogistic, this paper reveals the reductions between syllogism ◇I□A◇I-3 and other valid syllogisms. Specifically, on basis of formalizing syllogisms, proves validity by means truth value definition (modal) categorical propositions. Then in line with classical propositional logic logic, generalized quantifier theory set theory...

We present a coherence-based probability semantics and propagation rules for (categorical) Aristotelian syllogisms. For framing the syllogisms as probabilistic inferences, we interpret basic syllogistic sentence types A, E, I, O by suitable precise imprecise conditional assessments. Then, define validity of inferences notions existential import which is required, Based on generalization de Fine...

How emotions influence syllogistic reasoning is not well understood. fMRI was employed to investigate the effects of induced positive or negative emotion on syllogistic reasoning. Specifically, on a trial-by-trial basis participants were exposed to a positive, negative, or neutral picture, immediately prior to engagement in a reasoning task. After viewing and rating the valence and intensity of...

There are two broad approaches to device testing: Functional test – “Does the device do what it is supposed to do?” – and structural test – “Has the device been built correctly?” Historically, electronic devices were tested functionally. If a device met its specifications, then by definition it worked and test was complete. As the complexity of electronic systems increased, however, verifying t...

After 35 years of research in HIV infection, resulting in the development of almost 30 disease-specific drugs, the infection has evolved, from a lethal disease, to a chronic state that in many cases does not compromise life expectancy of infected individuals. Despite this immense progress, a widespread mechanism of virus eradication has not yet been recorded, rendering individuals committed to ...

Although logic diagrams are widely used as methods for introducing students to elementary logical reasoning, it is still open to debate in cognitive psychology whether diagrams can aid untrained people to successfully conduct deductive reasoning. In our previous work, some empirical evidence was provided for the effectiveness of a certain type of logic diagrams in the process of solving categor...

implication in general) to the rule of syllogism—is wholly fallacious; the real source of the difference lies in the change of sense of the middle term; that to confound in a middle term the sensus compositi and the sensus divisi is a source of danger has been a commonplace of logic since the time of the scholastics. That an inept symbolism is made use of in mathematics, which has for a fundame...

The tendency to accept or reject arguments based on own beliefs or prior knowledge rather than on the reasoning process is called the belief-bias effect. A psychological syllogistic reasoning task shows this phenomenon, wherein participants were asked whether they accept or reject a given syllogism. We discuss one case which is commonly assumed to be believable but not logically valid. By intro...

We investigated two possible mechanisms that may mediate the rapid acquisition of novel words and their corresponding referents (i.e., fast mapping, FM). In the standard paradigm that examines FM, a novel label is presented alongside a novel object and a familiar object, and subjects are asked to identify the item that corresponds to the novel label. Acquisition of name-object pairing is subseq...

Our desire and fascination with intelligent machines dates back to the antiquity’s mythical automaton Talos, Aristotle’s mode of mechanical thought (syllogism) and Heron of Alexandria’s mechanical machines and automata. However, the quest for Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) is troubled with repeated failures of strategies and approaches throughout the history. This decade has seen a shift...