Increasing the understanding of the molecular and cellular players involved in the regulation of adult skeletal muscle mass is an important open issue in current muscle biology. Muscle mass is regulated through a delicate balance between protein synthesis and protein breakdown. Under conditions of muscle hypertrophy, protein synthesis exceeds protein breakdown, resulting in an increase in the s...

Bi-articular muscles form a subclass of poly-articular muscles. Muscles in human limbs belonging to these classes are enumerated. For some of these muscles experimental evidence had been given that they direct forces on the environment and move segments of the limbs in a unique way. They perform the combination of these effects in cooperation with mono-articular antagonists. Such muscles are si...

Novel 4-acyl-5-pyrazolones having aza-15-crown-5 (HPMP-A15C5) and aza-18-crown-6 (HPMP-A18C6) moieties as an intramolecular synergist have been synthesized by simple coupling reactions between 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-chloroacetyl-5-pyrazolone and the corresponding azacrown ethers. The solvent extraction of the divalent metal ions (Mn(2+), Co(2+), Ni(2+), Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Cd(2+) and Pb(2+)) were exam...

Free radicals attack lipids, proteins, enzymes, and DNA to cause pathological events and cancer. Ascorbic acid is one of the strongest reductants and radical scavengers and reduces stable oxygen, nitrogen, and thyl radical and acts as a primary defense against aqueous radicals in the blood. When radicals were formed in aqueous suspensions of erythrocytes or low-density lipoprotein (LDL), ascorb...

Some chemicals are known to enhance the effect of other chemicals beyond what can be predicted with standard mixture models, such as concentration addition and independent action. These chemicals are called synergists. Up until now, no models exist that can predict the joint effect of mixtures including synergists. The aim of the present study is to develop a mechanistic toxicokinetic (TK) and ...

The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that myofascial force transmission may not be limited by compartmental boundaries of a muscle group to synergists. Muscles of the anterior tibial compartment in rat hindlimb as well as of the neighbouring peroneal compartment (antagonistic muscles) were excited maximally. Length-force data, based on proximal lengthening, of EDL, as wel...