Activation and inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels are critical for proper electrical signaling in excitable cells. Pyrethroid insecticides promote activation and inhibit inactivation of sodium channels, resulting in prolonged opening of sodium channels. They preferably bind to the open state of the sodium channel by interacting with two distinct receptor sites, pyrethroid receptor si...

Alfa-cypermethrin (α-CP) a synthetic pyrethroid (type-II) insecticide, dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO-1 mL) was given consecutive daily orally for 60 days at 1/10 LD50 (14.5 mg/kg). The animals were sacrificed on day 61. Biochemicals, cytochrome P450, b5 contents in liver along with antioxidant status, tissue residual concentration, and brain GABA level were studied. It increased the ser...

Carboxylesterases hydrolyze a large array of endogenous and exogenous ester-containing compounds, including pyrethroid insecticides. Herein, we report the specific activities and kinetic parameters of human carboxylesterase (hCE)-1 and hCE-2 using authentic pyrethroids and pyrethroid-like, fluorescent surrogates. Both hCE-1 and hCE-2 hydrolyzed type I and II pyrethroids with strong stereoselect...

Permethrin, in the form of a topical cream, is being increasingly used for community-based programs to control endemic scabies. The development of resistance has reduced the use of pyrethroids for the control of many arthropods of economic and health importance. The best recognized form of pyrethroid resistance, known as knockdown resistance or kdr, has been linked to specific mutations in the ...

1. Costa LG. The neurotoxicity of organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides. Handb Clin Neurol. 2015; 131: 135–148. Google Scholar

Deltamethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, and BTG 502, an alkylamide insecticide, target voltage-gated sodium channels. Deltamethrin binds to a unique receptor site and causes prolonged opening of sodium channels by inhibiting deactivation and inactivation. Previous (22)Na(+) influx and receptor binding assays using mouse brain synaptoneurosomes showed that BTG 502 antagonized the binding and act...

The human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), is an obligate ectoparasite that causes pediculosis capitis and has parasitized humans since the beginning of humankind. Head louse infestations are widespread throughout the world and have been increasing since the early 1990s partially because of ineffective pediculicides. In Argentina, the overuse of product...

Selection of a laboratory colony of the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens with the pyrethroids permethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin increased its resistance to both insecticides. Biochemical analysis and synergistic studies with metabolic inhibitors indicated that elevated glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) with a predominant peroxidase activity conferred resistance to both pyrethroids, whereas ...

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is estimated to affect 8-12% of school-age children worldwide. ADHD is a complex disorder with significant genetic contributions. However, no single gene has been linked to a significant percentage of cases, suggesting that environmental factors may contribute to ADHD. Here, we used behavioral, molecular, and neurochemical techniques to characteri...