Tattooing is a permanent form of body art applied onto the skin with decorative ink, and it has been practiced from antiquity until today. The number tattooed people steadily increasing as tattoos have become popular all over world, especially in Western countries. Tattoos display distinctive designs images, protective totems tribal symbols to names loved or lost persons strange figures, which ...

Consider a network D of pipes which have to be cleaned using some cleaning agents, called brushes, assigned to some vertices. The minimum number of brushes required for cleaning the network D is called its brush number. The tattooing of a simple connected directed graph D is a particular type of the cleaning in which an arc are coloured by the colour of the colourbrush transiting it and the tat...

Mycobacterium abscessus is a rapidly growing mycobacterium that has been affecting people undergoing invasive procedures, such as videosurgery and mesotherapy. This bacterium has global distribution, being found in numerous niches. The frequency of published reports of infection by rapidly growing mycobacteria associated with tattooing procedures has increased in recent years. However, in Brazi...

We carried out a cross-sectional survey in Shiraz to determine the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in 1 444 individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We also determined the risk factors for this coinfection. Demographic and behavioural data were obtained using a standard questionnaire. The prevalence of HIV-HCV coinfection was 78.4% (95% CI: 76.3-80.5). Intravenous dru...

The amateur tattoo can be done by any sharp object like a needle or a sharp piece of bone. The professional tattooing technique depends on the country where the tattoo is performed. In Japan, the artist usually uses needles put together into a wooden handle, called hari, while for the Polynesian technique uses a sharp rake held by a handle that the artist will tap using a rigid piece of bamboo....

Nucleic acid-based vaccination is a topic of growing interest, especially plasmid DNA (pDNA) encoding immunologically important antigens. After the engineered pDNA is administered to the vaccines, it is transcribed and translated into immunogen proteins that can elicit responses from the immune system. Many ways of delivering DNA vaccines have been investigated; however each delivery route has ...

Abstract Body modification is a blanket term for tattooing, piercing, scarring, cutting, and other forms of bodily alteration generally associated with fashion, identity, or cultural markings. modifications like tattooing piercing have become so common in industrialised regions the world that what were once viewed as marks abnormality are now considered normal. However, psychological motivation...

CASE REPORT A 66-year-old female underwent a colonoscopy for evaluation of diarrhea. Two polyps were seen (10 mm and 20 mm) in the ascending colon. Due to poor preparation in the right colon, a polypectomy was not pursued. Because the lesions were hard to identify, 2 tattoos were placed 3 cm distal to each polyp. It was discovered that instead of Endomark (PMT Corporation, Chanhassen, MN), undi...

Currently, the incidence of tattooing is on the rise compared to the past, especially among adolescents, and it leads to the urgency of monitoring the security status of tattooing centers, as well as to inform people about the risks of tattoo practice. In our clinical experience, 20% of tattooed patients presented adverse reactions, like allergic contact dermatitis, psoriasis with Koebner's phe...

This study establishes a proof-of-concept that a tattoo device can target intra-dermal drug delivery against cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). The selected drug is oleylphosphocholine (OlPC) formulated as liposomes, particles known to be prone to macrophage ingestion. We first show that treatment of cultured Leishmania-infected macrophages with OlPC-liposomes results in a direct dose-dependent kill...