Phylogenetic relationships among the venomous Australo-Papuan elapid snake radiation remain poorly resolved, despite the application of diverse data sets. To examine phylogenetic relationships among this enigmatic group, portions of the cytochrome b and 16S rRNA mitochondrial DNA genes were sequenced from 19 of the 20 terrestrial Australian genera and 6 of the 7 terrestrial Melanesian genera, p...

In this assessment we summarise advances in our knowledge of how UV-B radiation (280-315 nm), together with other climate change factors, influence terrestrial organisms and ecosystems. We identify key uncertainties and knowledge gaps that limit our ability to fully evaluate the interactive effects of ozone depletion and climate change on these systems. We also evaluate the biological consequen...

The impact of radiation dramatically increases at high altitudes in the Earth's atmosphere and space. Therefore, monitoring access to environment measurements are critical for estimating exposure risks aircraft spacecraft crews space weather disturbances on electronics. Addressing these needs requires convenient multi-source data enhancement visualization search capabilities. Radiation Data Por...

Except in a few cases cosmic dust can be studied in situ or in terrestrial laboratories, essentially all of our information concerning the nature of cosmic dust depends upon its interaction with electromagnetic radiation. This chapter presents the theoretical basis for describing the optical properties of dust – how it absorbs and scatters starlight and reradiates the absorbed energy at longer ...

The isoprenoid lipid crenarchaeol is widespread in hot springs of California and Nevada. Terrestrial and marine data together suggest a maximum relative abundance of crenarchaeol at approximately 40 degrees C. This warm temperature optimum may have facilitated colonization of the ocean by (hyper)thermophilic Archaea and the major marine radiation of Crenarchaeota.

the radiobiological effects of high atomic number and energy (hze particles) ion beams are of interest for radioprotection in space and tumor radiotherapy. space radiation mainly consists of heavy charged particles from protons to iron ions, which is distinct from common terrestrial forms of radiation. hze particles pose a significant cancer risk to astronauts on prolonged space missions. with ...

Introduction: Ultraviolet radiation down to 195 nm penetrates to the surface of the Martian north polar ice cap during the polar summer on account of the lack of an ozone column, in contrast to the Earth where only radiation above ~290 nm penetrates to the surface (except under ozone depletion, when radiation down to ~280 nm may penetrate). During the winter, spring and fall some ozone producti...