cytokines, and then the phenomenon is resurrected unThis paper presents some questions and issues reder a different name. garding the concept of the Th1/Th2 dichotomy and Parenthetically, the phenomenon of the ‘‘T suppressummarizes results using an hsp60 peptide to treat the sor cell’’ has been unusually resistant to its molecular spontaneous autoimmune process of diabetes in NOD resurrection. ...

The immune system of the human organism comprises the innate system cells and the adaptive immune cells. The former include the hematopoietic cells, mast cells, basophils, monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, and the latter include CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, T regulatory cells (Tr) and B cells. The innate system DCs are the major antigen-presenting cells to Th(o) CD4+ T cells in l...

Abstract After activation, naïve CD4 T cells can differentiate into helper cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, and Follicular cells) or regulatory (Tregs), depending on the type of antigen-presenting (APC) cytokine milieu encountered during differentiation. Recent studies suggest that CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs produce pro-inflammatory IFNg when stimulated in a Th1 environment, such as presence IL-12, stimulat...

T lymphocytes that are involved in cellular mediated immunity include two types known as TCD8+ (Cytotoxic T lymphocytes) and TCD4+ (helper T lymphocytes). TCD4+ has four main subtypes, including TH1, TH2, TH17, and Treg Lymphocytes.TH17 lymphocytes play a role in defense against microbes that TH1 and TH2 lymphocytes have not the ability to respond to them. The most important cytokines, which ar...

T-cell immunoregulatory cytokines influence the persistence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) chronic infection and the extent of liver damage. Th1 cytokines positively correlate with hepatic inflammation in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The pro-inflammatory, cytokines IL-6 and IL-18, are involved in viral clearance and in metabolic and viral hepatic diseases, respectively. The aim of thi...

Investigations into the structure, expression and functional status of cytokines, as well as on the possible utility of their agonists and antagonists as therapeutic agents in lupus, have received prominent attention. In fact, mouse strains predisposed to lupus (NZBxW, BXSB, MRL-lpr) have long constituted the primary resource to investigate the role of cytokines in autoimmunity. An additional i...

The majority of group A streptococcal (GAS) isolates from patients with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) and necrotizing fasciitis (NF) express numerous virulence factors, including several superantigens (SAgs). Purified SAgs are potent inducers of inflammatory (Th1) cytokines that contribute to the pathogenesis of severe infections. However, GAS-infected individuals are likely to be e...

background: t helper 1 and t helper 17 cells play important roles in immunity against foreign invaders. differentiation of these th subsets is affected by state of maturation and cytokines that are produced by dendritic cells (dcs). curdlan is a linear (1→3)-β- glucan and has shown activity against tumors and infectious agents. objective: this study aims to investigate whether curdlan plays its...

During immune responses, different classes of T cells arise: Th1, Th2, and Th17. Mobilizing the right class plays a critical role in successful host defense and therefore defining the ratios of Th1/Th2/Th17 cells within the antigen-specific T cell repertoire is critical for immune monitoring purposes. Antigen-specific Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells can be detected by challenging peripheral blood mono...

The idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM), including dermatomyositis (DM), polymyositis (PM), and inclusion body myositis (IBM), are regarded as autoimmune diseases. They are characterized by chronic lymphocytic and macrophagic infiltration in muscle tissue. Of particular importance in understanding the immune response to IIM is the specific pattern of locally produced cytokines. Frozen musc...