The actual text of the Swiss Federal Code of Obligations (CO) relating to contracts and tort was adopted on March 30, 1911, then presented as a supplementary part of the Civil Code (Zivilgesetzbuch, voted December 10, 1907), both entered in force as per January 1, 1912. Its text is to a large extent based on its predecessor, the ancient CO as adopted in 1881 and in force since January 1, 1883 (...

The demand to replace the religion-based and customary personal laws with progressive, uniform civil code has been there since pre-independence era persists even today. Along it, intricacies complexities also remain visible from days of constituent assembly debates present. It is often argued that various aspects dis-privilege women hinder realisation national integration. need be disassociated...

The article first outlines the basic features of Polish legal culture from perspective philosophy law and theory law. is quite commonly described as moderately positivist. validity natural law, especially superiority norms over positive not recognized, however, legislature requires that moral considerations be taken into account in process enacting, interpreting applying It has been emphasized ...