anthony giddens, a prominent social theoretician of contemporary sociology, has done extensive theoretical efforts in the last three decades. central to his debates is the theory of structuration, which was first introduced in his book constitution of society (1984). the theory, aimed at giving an end to dominance of hermeneutic theories on the one hand and structuralism and functionalism on th...

knowledge is one of the most important accomplishments of human being in confrontation with phenomena and facts whichhe acquires through his cognitive faculties. throughout the history of philosophy, there was always this confusion that whether or not beliefs are influenced by his non-epistemic areas and external elements, and if so, is it epistemically acceptable or the agent should avoid thes...

Andrei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov was the foremost contributor to the mathematical and philosophical foundations of probability in the twentieth century, and his thinking on the topic is still potent today. In this article we first review the three stages of Kolmogorov’s work on the foundations of probability: (1) his formulation of measure-theoretic probability, 1933, (2) his frequentist theory of...

prominent contemporary jurist and commentator, ayatollah khu’i opines a comprehensive theory about the naskh in al-bayan. he challenges all claims of naskh in quran by setting some conditions, except in one case. considering that the concept of naskh is not an optional concept and it has religious effects, it can be expanded or restricted only with valid evidence and foundations. in this paper,...

This essay was inspired by conversations with mathematicians who maintain in all seriousness that there is something canonical about foundations of mathematics in ZFC (Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice). (These took place on the FOM (Foundations of Mathematics) mailing list [7].) One of the parties to this conversation ventured to define mathematics in terms of ZFC . The best...