Backgrounds/Aims: Prior to 1969, athletes were advised to avoid drinking during exercise. At least 4 subsequent events led to the adoption of a radically different approach. By 1996, all exercisers were advised to drink ‘as much as tolerable’ in order to insure that they did not lose any weight during exercise – the ‘zero percent dehydration’ doctrine. This advice requires that athletes drink e...

D the wide variation in the daily intake of sodium and water, plasma osmolality and sodium are maintained within normal range by vasopressin [arginine vasopressin (AVP) or antidiuretic hormone (ADH)] secretion and thirst. The osmotic threshold for AVP secretion is 283 mOsm/kg and for thirst sense is 293 mOsm/kg. Hence, by the time plasma osmolality reaches the osmotic threshold for thirst, AVP ...

Background: thirst is the most common symptom burden among patients with hemodialysis. Thirst hemodialysis caused by fluid restriction lead to stress and depression, especially who consume diuretics. Aim: This study aims analyze benefit of sucking ice cubes according empirical studies in last ten years. Method: The articles were obtained from several databases such as Scopus, ProQuest, Google S...

aluminum phosphide poisoning (alpp) still has no efficient and approved antidote. supportive care and hemodynamic monitoring are the only choices of treatment. we proposed a new lavage formulation in addition to evaluation of its efficacy and defining the impact of clinical characteristics of patients on their prognosis. during eight months period of time, 120 patients were enrolled to the stud...

The authors hypothesized that people's predictions of how other people feel in emotionally arousing situations are often based on people's predictions of how they themselves would feel in those situations. Indeed, most participants in Study 1 reported predicting hungry hikers' feelings by mentally trading places with them, imagining what their own feelings would be in the hikers' situation. Bec...

Exploration is a central component of human and animal behavior that has been studied in rodents for almost a century. The measures used by neuroscientists to characterize full-blown exploration are limited in exposing the dynamics of the exploratory process, leaving the morphogenesis of its structure and meaning hidden. By unfettering exploration from constraints imposed by hunger, thirst, coe...

The cardinal element of understanding the water repletion reaction includes the following features. First, the system is deliberately redundant. For example, vasopressin release can be driven either by a 2% increase in extracellular fluid osmolality or by a rather larger—approximately 10%—decrease in circulating fluid volume. Second, water acquisition is driven not only by water conservation bu...