Formate (l), serine (2)) formaldehyde (3), and methionine (4) each can serve as the donor of the carbon atom for the biosynthesis of the methyl group of DNA’-thymine. The utilization of formate for the biosynthesis of DNA in vitro has been reported previously (5-g), and in most instances the uptake of formate carbon under these conditions has been primarily into the methyl group of thymine (5)....

Thymine intermediate 17 has been synthesized on a multigram scale (50 g, 70 mmol) from starting sugar 1 in 15 steps in an overall yield of 73%, with only 5 purification steps. The key thymine intermediate 18 was obtained from 17 in a single step in 96% yield, whereas the key 5-methylcytosine intermediate 20 was obtained from 17 in 2 steps in 58% yield. This highly efficient large scale route ne...

Oligonucleotides containing 1-(2,4-dideoxy-beta-D-erythro-hexopyranosyl)thymine (2) and 1-(3,4-dideoxy-beta-D-erythro-hexopyranosyl)thymine (3) were synthesized on a solid support using the phosphoramidite approach. The properties of these oligonucleotides were compared with the earlier reported characteristics of oligonucleotides containing 1-(2,3-dideoxy-beta-D-erythro-hexopyranosyl) thymine ...

The paramagnetic gadolinium(III) ion is used as contrast agent in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to improve the lesion detection and characterization. It generates a signal by changing relaxivity of protons from associated water molecules creates clearer physical distinction between molecule surrounding tissues. New gadolinium-based agents displaying larger values specifically targeted might p...

Although the immobilization of oligonucleotides (nucleic acid) on mineral surfaces is at basis different biotechnological applications, an atomistic understanding interaction nucleic acid components with titanium dioxide has not yet been achieved. Here, adsorption phosphate anion, four DNA bases (adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine) some entire nucleotides dinucleotides TiO2 anatase (1 0 1)...

(a) The nature of the problem Genes are made of nucleic acid. Enzymes are made of protein. The amino acid sequence of a particular protein is synthesized under instruction from a particular piece of nucleic acid. Each protein is made of one or more polypeptide chains, synthesized by condensing together amino acids, head to tail, with the elimination of water. A typical polypeptide chain is seve...

The ability to study the structure-activity relationships of the cis-syn thymine dimer, the major photoproduct of DNA, has been greatly aided by the availability of a building block suitable for its sequence-specific incorporation into oligonucleotides by standard automated DNA synthesis. Unfortunately, its usefulness is compromised by the fact that it takes six steps to synthesize in low overa...

T Activator protein 1 (AP-1) is a transcription factor that recognizes two versions of a 7-base pair response element, either 5΄- GAG CA-3΄ or 5΄- GAG CA-3΄ (where M = 5-methylcytosine). These two elements share the feature that 5-methylcytosine and thymine both have a methyl group in the same position, 5-carbon of the pyrimidine, so each of them has two methyl groups at nucleotide positions 1 ...