1. Our previous work has demonstrated that exogenously administered orphanin FQ (OFQ) antagonizes morphine analgesia and electroacupuncture analgesia (EAA) in the brain and potentiates morphine analgesia and EAA in the spinal cord of the rat. In the present study we evaluated the role of endogenously released OFQ in the development of tolerance to morphine and electroacupuncture (EA) and the an...

During αβT cell development, the thymus medulla represents an essential microenvironment for T cell tolerance. This functional specialization is attributed to its typical organized topology consisting of a branching structure that contains medullary thymic epithelial cell (mTEC) networks to support negative selection and Foxp3+ T-regulatory cell (T-reg) development. Here, by performing TEC-spec...

Our laboratory and others have previously reported that the non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, MK-801, interferes with the development of tolerance to the analgesic effects of morphine. The present studies were performed in order to further characterize the role of NMDA receptors in opiate tolerance. The results demonstrate that opiate tolerance is inhibited rapidl...

Antagonists of the NMDA type of excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptor attenuate or reverse the development of tolerance to the analgesic effects of the mu opioid agonist morphine, the delta-1 opioid agonist DPDPE but not the kappa-1 agonist U50,488H or the kappa-3 agonist naloxone benzoylhydrazone. The role of the AMPA subtype of EAA receptor in analgesic tolerance was examined using LY293558, a...

In humans, repeated alcohol consumption leads to the development of tolerance, manifested as a reduced physiological and behavioral response to a particular dose of alcohol. Here we show that adult Drosophila develop tolerance to the sedating and motor-impairing effects of ethanol with kinetics of acquisition and dissipation that mimic those seen in mammals. Importantly, this tolerance is not c...

Development of drought-tolerant cultivars is hampered by a lack of effective selectioncriteria. In this research, response of 36 genotypes of rapeseed from seven species of Brassicaincluding B. napus, B. rapa, B. juncea, B. carinata, B. oleracea, B. nigra and B. fruticulosa wasassessed under three moisture levels (no stress, mild stress and intense stress) in the field during2011-2012. Five dro...

  Tolerance and dependence are two main problems that have limited morphine administration as an analgesic drug and they might be as a result of changes in the number and affinity of receptors, dysfunction of adenylate cyclase, impaired coupling between activated µ receptor and K+ channels, and changes in the K+ and Ca2+ channels. There are several reports concerning the role of some of these...

The role of glutamate receptor within the nucleus accumbens in morphine tolerance has been postulated. Previous studies have reported that glutamate receptors exert their effects in part through the release of nitric oxide (NO). In the present study the effects of intra-accumbal injections of L-arginine (0.3, 1, and 3 ?g/rat), the NO precursor and L-NAME (0.3, 1, and 3 ?g/rat), the NOS inhibito...

Objective: Side effects and development of tolerance to antiepileptic drugs necessitate identifying alterative and improved approaches to treat epilepsy. Bacopa monniera (BM), is a natural product which is used to treat epilepsy. We evaluated effect of co-administration of BM with phenobarbitone (PHB) to prevent development of tolerance to PHB. Methods: Male Swiss albino mice (25-30 gm-) were d...

Morphine is a potent opioid analgesic. However, the repeated use of morphine causes tolerance and hyperalgesia. Neuroinflammation has been reported to be involved in morphine tolerance and withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia. The complement system is a crucial effector mechanism of immune responses. The present study investigated the roles of complement factor C5a and C5a receptor (C5aR) in the dev...