It is proposed that our understanding of medieval town foundation is limited by a failure to appreciate that ‘town’ is a relational category. It is argued that urban character emerges from social relations, with some sets of social relationship revealing urbanity and others not, as places develop along distinctive, but related, trajectories. This argument is developed through the application of...

The Nancy 2 University is a medium size institution located in the East of France. The facilities and buildings of the University are distributed in several sites in Nancy and its suburbs with some offshoots in other towns of the Lorraine region. It enrols some 20 000 students involved in Humanities, management, Law, computer science. The user base varies in its academic levels and computer lit...

The international research network, Gender in the European Town, funded by the Danish Research council, has brought together new and established scholars from twelve countries to explore the place of gender in three interrelated areas that shaped the development of the earlymodern town: the economy, politics and civic identity, and real and imagined space. This workshop will draw upon the exten...

The paper describes a method to understand time required to vaccinate against viruses in total as well as subpopulations. As a demonstration, a model based estimate for time required to vaccinate H1N1 in India, given its administrative difficulties is provided. We have proved novel theorems for the time functions defined in the paper. Such results are useful in planning for future epidemics. Th...

Immigration is often thought of as a problem primarily for large metropolitan areas. However, much of the recent literature dealing with the meat processing industry focuses on the migration it generates toward small, rural towns in the American Midwest. The prior studies frequently use a qualitative method. The primary goal of this study was to explore the characteristics of new arrivals to tw...

This paper studies the market microstructure of pre-industrial Europe. In particular we investigate the institution of the broker in markets and fairs, and develop a unique data set of approximately 1100 sets of brokerage rules in 42 merchant towns in Central and Western Europe from the late 13th to the end of the 17th century. We show that towns implemented brokerage as an e¢ cient matchmaking...

STEP System conventional gravity sewer system (like those used in large towns and cities) and a centralized wastewater treatment plant is the most cost-effective and environmentally-sound way to collect, transport, and treat the wastewater. In more sparsely populated areas, where lot sizes are large and homes are spaced widely apart, onsite wastewater treatment with subsurface discharge may be ...

Differences in Employment Outcomes for College Town Stayers and Leavers Areas surrounding colleges and universities are often able to build their local stock of human capital by retaining recent graduates in the area after they finish their education. This paper classifies 41 U.S. metropolitan areas as “college towns” and investigates differences in employment outcomes between college graduates...