This paper presents methods to compensate and monitor the disturbance generated by electric traction units, considering their position in different times, in a railway system. For this purpose, first of all, experimental data of Italy traction system is used and its components are modeled. Then, using proposed algorithm a suitable location for a passive filter is determined. Subsequently, consi...

Traction power supply equipments are the core part of the high-speed railway, so the maintenance of the power supply system is crucial for the security of the railway. Based on the research on the durable years of the traction power supply equipments, this paper puts forward the model of testing the traction power supply equipments of the reliable high speed railway. Some practical researches h...

The drawbar pull, travel reduction (slip), and rolling resistance are the main criteria to describe the traction behaviour of off road vehicles. Besides the engine performance, the drawbar pull is influenced by the traction conditions such as soil and the tire parameters. These traction conditions have to be described by a limited number of parameters which can be easily determined. Empirical e...

The purpose of the present study was to determine the loads acting on the lumbar spine when traction therapy was given in the Fowler's position. The study had two parts: a theoretical analysis which showed that traction produced a flexion moment on the spine as well as axial distraction; and an experimental study which measured the flexion moment induced by the adoption of the Fowler's position...

OBJECTIVE To assess whether mechanical traction, either alone or in combination with other treatments, improves pain, function/disability, patient satisfaction and global perceived effect in adults with mechanical neck disorders. METHODS We conducted a systematic review up to September 2004 of randomized controlled trials and used pre-defined levels of evidence for qualitative analysis. Two i...

Hip arthroscopy is being used with increasing frequency as the understanding of arthroscopic management of groin pain improves. To access the hip joint arthroscopically, traction must be placed on the leg. In most cases, countertraction is provided with a padded post in the groin. Complications of traction are often attributed to the post and include perineal or pudendal neuropraxias and skin c...

In order to assure the uninterrupted power supply of high speed railway, the reliability assessment of traction substation is essential at the design stage. Based on the system reliability engineering theory, a new system reliability analysis method called the GO-FLOW methodology is applied in the reliability assessment of traction substation of high speed railway. Considering failure and dynam...

...................................................................................................................... iii PREFACE .......................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................v DEDICATION ................

AIM To report a novel method to quantify traction applied to the retina using vitreous cutters during pars plana vitrectomy. METHODS Fresh porcine eyes were positioned in a specially developed holder and transfixed to the retinal layers with a wire and the other end fixed to the load cell of a strain gauge. Five separate 20-gauge electrical drive mechanism vitrectors were introduced into the ...

The migration of tumor cells of different degrees of invasivity is studied, on the basis of the traction forces exerted in time on soft substrates (Young modulus∼10 kPa). It is found that the outliers of the traction stresses can be an effective indicator to distinguish cancer cell lines of different invasiveness. Here, we test two different epithelial bladder cancer cell lines, one invasive (T...