Among non-oil exports and in trade arena, drug has always been strategic importance and most government especially industrialized countries pay special attention to its production and trade issues. Thus, having a comprehensive view from economic perspective to this section is essential for suggesting intervention. This was a descriptive-analytical and panel study. In this study, gravity model i...

Phytoplankton supply the base of the marine food web and drive the biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nutrients. Over much of the ocean, their growth is limited by their uptake of nitrogen (as nitrate), which has most commonly been described by the hyperbolic Michaelis–Menten (MM) equation. However, the lack of a theory to explain variations in MM constants has hindered our ability to predict ...

Preferential trade agreements (PTAs) have become an increasingly prominent feature of the international trade environment, with salient examples being the widening and deepening of the European Union (EU), the success of the Mercosur, and the formation of the North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA). In fact, a majority of the active agreements notified to gatt through 1995 were signed in ...

Preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on services have proliferated since 2000. This working paper briefly presents the expansion of the dataset initially developed in Marchetti and Roy (2008). The data permits to assess the extent to which market access commitments undertaken by WTO Members in PTAs go beyond GATS commitments and offers made in the context of the Doha Development Agenda. The dat...

the paper deals with the analysis of the external factor (solar activity, volcanic eruptions) influence on tree growth at the kola peninsula, northwestern russia. pinus sylvestris l. (scots pine) tree-ring chronologies collected nearby the northern timberline (68.63n, 33.25e) include the oldest (1445-2005 ad) living pine tree found up to date in the kola peninsula. a total of 18 living trees p...

This paper investigates the impact of the US and China’s foreign aids to Africa on trade flows between donor and recipient countries. Evidence from the gravity model estimates reveals that the two donors’ exports are strengthened by their aids to African partners. Interestingly, China’s aid shows a positive effect on its total volume of trade and imports from Africa, while the aid from the US e...

On development of mobile communication terminals, a trade-off among performance, development period, and implementation flexibility is one of the most important issues. In this paper, an efficient architecture of channel codec is explored, dedicatedly for W-CDMA mobile communication standard. A pair of configurable processors are employed in our implementation, which are assigned to Turbo decod...

The POPCORN project provides an infrastructure for globally distributed computation over the whole Internet. It provides any programmer connected to the Internet with a single huge virtual parallel computer composed of all processors on the Internet, which care to participate at any given moment. POPCORN provides a market-based mechanism for trade in CPU time to motivate processors to provide t...

This paper explores the substitution relationship between trade credit and bank credit, and its countercyclic dynamic pattern through economic cycles. We propose a new theoretical model, using a mechanism design method, which predicts the substitution between the two credits and its counter-cyclic behavior, subject to the condition of technological efficiency not less than one. This model also ...