This chapter introduces Iranian groups, the religious elite (mojtaheds), traditional merchants (bazaar) and Iranian “crowd” (lutis and tollabs) who were mobilized during social movement activity in Iran. These groups often formed overlapping relations with one another in Iranian society, but each had different interests that had to be negotiated during social movement activity. Some groups, suc...

In the era of information and communication the concept of identity is more fluid during the development of media and communications. Although this process in developing societies in slow compared with developed societies, but the point is that the mentioned process is an ongoing and structural patterns that lost their power for identification. The main subject of this study is the study on the...

Technology has had many influences on the Iranian society in different eras. Today, information and telecommunication technologies have revolutionized the basic structures of society and a new network society has been propagated inside the traditional and semi-modern context. In countries like Iran, which are in the process of modernization, a chaos deriving from the transition period is obs...

The line between lifestyle and social identity in sociology is based on the distinction between traditional and modern society. In traditional societies lifestyle and social identity are based on their related features. However, in this regard, in terms of time precedence, modern societies mainly offer two different answers, each based on different theoretical approaches. The first and the olde...

Identifying social identities is an attempt to analyze repetitive patterns, group actions and attitudes, social identities, and sociology on the distinction between traditional and modern society. In traditional societies, the basis for the social identity of individuals is their attributes characteristics. But modern societies in this regard have mainly two different answers, each based on sep...

Throughout the developed world the total fertility rate (TFR) has dropped well below the replacement level. The theory of demographic transition has to be reconsidered: post-transitional societies will face a permanent disequilibrium (hyperaging and ultimate population implosion). The basic paradigm has reversed: in the past, there was a large proportion of unwanted pregnancies and family plann...

Over the past two decades, the importance of addressing the complexity of the food system in ways that draw on new approaches to knowledge generation and new research paradigms has attracted significant attention (1, 2). This research topic explores the nexus of public health, food systems, food behavior, and food ways, focusing on belief systems, values, assumptions, and relationships to the f...

A major aim in evolutionary biology is to understand altruistic help and reproductive partitioning in cooperative societies, where subordinate helpers forego reproduction to rear dominant breeders' offspring. Traditional models of cooperation in these societies typically make a key assumption: that the only alternative to staying and helping is solitary breeding, an often unfeasible task. Using...

business related decisions become more perplexing as societies advance. environmental ambiguities which stem from new business models intensify the above mentioned complexity so far as many of the affecting variables and their interrelationships are non linear and complicated. in this circumstances data analysis and knowledge extraction is not practical via traditional methods. this research co...

Imaging utilization grew dramatically from the late 1990s through the mid2000s, in large part because of increased access to multidetector CT and its transformative impact on medical diagnosis. The past 5 to 10 years, however, have seen more tempered growth in imaging utilization, along with an acutely increased awareness of its associated radiation burden [1,2]. This increased scrutiny has res...